天津中医药  2020, Vol. 37 Issue (2): 144-147

文章信息

衡旭君, 倪诚
HENG Xujun, NI Cheng
血瘀体质调体主药主方的筛选
Screening of the main prescription of blood stasis constitution regulating body
天津中医药, 2020, 37(2): 144-147
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 37(2): 144-147
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2020.02.06

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-11-01
血瘀体质调体主药主方的筛选
衡旭君 , 倪诚     
北京中医药大学中医体质与生殖医学研究中心, 北京 100029
摘要:中医体质学认为,不同的个体体质对某些疾病具有易罹性、倾向性。现代研究表明,血瘀体质的易患疾病涉及冠心病、黄褐斑、子宫肌瘤、肝癌等诸多疾病,改善和调节血瘀体质可起到防治相关疾病的作用。文章提出活血化瘀、调畅血脉为主,益气行血、理气行血、清热凉血、滋阴养血为辅的血瘀体质调体法则,并根据血瘀体质的稳定性和调体的长期性,阐述活血调体主药的适中性与调体辅药的前瞻性筛选原则。进而结合血府逐瘀汤的原方主治,并深入分析其组方结构和加减运用,将血府逐瘀汤移植作为血瘀体质的调理主方,以期对临床血瘀体质的调理起到一定的指导作用。
关键词血瘀体质    主药主方    血府逐瘀汤    

根据中国一般人群中医体质流行病学调查,中国血瘀体质人群比例为8.1%,女性血瘀体质者明显多于男性[1]。中医体质学认为,在相同的环境下,不同的个体由于自身体质差异,决定了其对某些疾病的易患性、倾向性、风险性[2]。目前研究显示,血瘀体质与冠心病[3-6]、黄褐斑[7-8]、子宫肌瘤[9-11]、肝癌[12-13]等诸多疾病密切相关[14-15]。调理血瘀体质对于这些疾病的早预测、早预警和早干预具有重要意义。笔者拟在阐述血瘀体质调体法则的基础上,重点介绍血瘀体质调体主药主方的筛选方法,以期为临床血瘀体质的调理提供一定指导。

1 血瘀体质的调体法则

中医体质学认为,体质的形成因素包括先天禀赋和后天获得两方面,具有长期存在、相对稳定的特性。血瘀体质者因长期存在血液运行不畅、血脉不利,易出现一系列的血瘀表现,如形体偏瘦、面色晦暗、口唇暗淡、皮下易生紫斑或肌肤甲错、舌紫暗、舌下络脉增粗、脉涩等;心理特征多表现出偏烦躁、易健忘。故血瘀体质的调体法则应以活血祛瘀、通畅血脉为主。同时,调理血瘀体质需要重视气与血的关系。盖气旺则血活,气畅则血行,调理血瘀体质应结合益气、理气以助行血。血瘀日久易生郁热,调体也要兼顾清热凉血。然瘀血不去,则新血不生,调体之法需兼顾滋阴养血,活血而不伤血。血瘀体质长期存在和相对稳定的特性,决定着血瘀体质的调理一般需要一个较长的过程。因此,在长期应用活血祛瘀药物时,还需防其久用耗气伤阴,恐伤好血。综上,血瘀体质的调体法则是针对血瘀体质的特征和调体的特性,在活血祛瘀、调畅血脉的基础上,兼顾益气行血、理气行血、清热凉血及滋阴养血,从而使血瘀体质得以有效干预。

2 血瘀体质调体主药及配药的筛选原则 2.1 调理血瘀体质的长期性决定调体主药需活血药力适中

目前临床上经常出现血瘀体质与血瘀证混淆问题,从而导致两者遣药用方指向性并不明确。调理血瘀体质不同于血瘀证的治疗。血瘀证的治疗是一个相对短暂的、以消除病理产物为治疗目标的过程,是治已病状态,即通过辨证施治来解决患者最迫切需要改善的血瘀主证,以防疾病传变或加重。其用药是根据血瘀证的轻重程度而相应选择活血作用强弱不同的活血化瘀药。相对而言,调理血瘀体质是一个相对较长的过程,通过改善偏颇体质调整人体阴阳失衡,达到未病先防、欲病早治、既病防变、病愈防复的目的。故血瘀体质调体主药的活血药力应当适中,一般不选水蛭等峻猛逐瘀药,即使血瘀体质的血瘀程度比较严重,也需峻药缓投,不用汤剂而改用丸剂,以免长期应用后伤及人体正气。由此,血瘀体质调体主药的选择需考虑活血药力的“适中性”。

桃仁与红花是活血化瘀的常用药对。桃仁活血化瘀,红花养血活血,两者相须为用,且使瘀除而不伤血,可作为血瘀质调体主要药对。桃仁普遍作为破血逐瘀药,但《本草纲目》中李时珍认为“桃仁行血……润燥活血”,并未提及其破血之功。有研究从红细胞变形性、血小板黏附性、血液黏度、红细胞聚集性等多方面综合分析表明,桃仁的活血化瘀作用不是很强[16-17]。现代肾脏病专家叶传蕙教授认为桃仁适用于慢性肾病血瘀较轻的治疗[18]。故桃仁的破血药力之说有待商榷。当代名医祝谌予根据多年临床用药经验把活血化瘀药按活血作用强度分为养血活血药、一般活血药、破血药、攻血药,其中养血活血药有当归、红花等,将桃仁、红花等归于一般活血药,水蛭、虻虫等为破血药,三棱、莪术、穿山甲等为攻血药[19]

其他药物如鸡血藤,《植物名实图考》载其:“行血补血,浸酒主和血络。”现代研究证明,鸡血藤提取物可以抗血小板聚集、改善血液流变性、促进血液循环[20],其醇提物对血虚模型小鼠有良好的补血作用[21]。延胡索,《本草正义》曰:“延胡虽为破滞行血之品,然性情尚属和缓,不甚猛烈。”倪诚教授治疗冠心病时,将其作为血瘀体质的调体基础药[22]。故桃仁、红花、鸡血藤、延胡索等药物作为调体主药,可使血活而正不伤,适合长期调体。

2.2 血瘀体质的稳定性决定调体配药的前瞻性

血瘀体质的稳定性决定调体配药的前瞻性,是指提前考虑气与血的生理关系及瘀生郁热、久瘀伤血等病理变化,对此调体配药主要有以下4种:1)补气药:血与气互用,气旺则血活,因此适当配伍黄芪等补气药,有助于推动血液运行。2)理气药:生理上气行则血行,病理上气滞与血瘀互为因果,所以应配伍柴胡、枳壳等理气行滞之品,使气畅血行。3)清热凉血药:血瘀日久易于化热,故可适当配伍凉血泄热之品,如赤芍、牡丹皮等。4)滋阴养血药:众所周知,瘀血不除则新血不生,据此酌情配伍当归、生地等滋阴养血药。

3 血瘀体质调体主方的筛选

血府逐瘀汤出自清代医家王清任的《医林改错》,原书记载“血府”是指“人胸膜下膈膜一片,其薄如纸,最为坚实,前长与心口凹处齐,从两胁至腰上,顺长如坡,前高后低,低处如池,池中存血,即精汁所化,名曰血府”。但考察古代文献发现有医家认为血府泛指脉,如《素问·脉要精微论》曰:“夫脉者,血之府也。”说明血府指脉道[23]。又原方主治症有头痛、胸疼、胸不任物、天亮出汗、心里热、急躁、夜睡梦多、不眠、心跳心忙等19种,涉及全身表里内外、精神情志等诸多方面。血瘀体质的表现反映全身的血瘀状况,且血瘀体质也易患心悸、不寐、胸痹、郁证、异常汗出等病症。据此笔者从组方结构和加减运用两方面分析,认为血府逐瘀汤可作为血瘀体质的调体主方。

3.1 组方结构体现血瘀体质主药及配药的筛选原则

血府逐瘀汤由桃仁、红花、生地、川芎、赤芍、牛膝、桔梗、当归、柴胡、枳壳、甘草共11味药组成。方中含有上述的活血化瘀调体主药——桃仁和红花;柴胡疏肝,桔梗宣肺,枳壳理气,牛膝导瘀下行,4药合用升降并行,使气机运行得以恢复正常,气畅血和,血脉调畅;川芎为血中气药;赤芍既清热凉血,又可散瘀,避免血瘀化生郁热;当归补血兼活血,生地滋阴养血,防止瘀久伤血;甘草调和诸药。上述组方结构体现了血瘀体质主药及配药的筛选原则,可作为血瘀体质调体主方,适合血瘀体质者长期调体使用。

3.2 血府逐瘀汤加减化裁可防治血瘀体质易发病症

血府逐瘀汤原方记载主治头痛、胸疼、天亮出汗、心里热、急躁、夜睡梦多、不眠、心跳心忙、夜不安、肝气病等19种病症。现代临床应用本方加减化裁,可以防治血瘀体质的易发病症。如国医大师王琦教授用本方调体加琥珀粉以安神助眠;因气滞血瘀导致的郁证,用本方调体合用甘松、越鞠丸以增强行气解郁之功;因血瘀所致的异常汗出、发热,用本方加墨旱莲、槐角以清虚热,侧柏叶以凉血清热;黄褐斑,用本方去生地,加熟地黄滋阴,玫瑰花、泽兰以活血消斑;对于血瘀质者因头部肌肤血行不畅而毛发失养所致脱发,亦投本方内服合用皂角煎水外洗获效[24]。国医大师王琦教授的学术继承人倪诚教授常以血府逐瘀汤为调理血瘀体质主方,在全方基础上加乳香、没药以增加活血止痛之力,调治胸痹[25]。岳美中先生曾收治肝脾肿大伴有胁痛患者,在“变通血府逐瘀汤”的基础上加鳖甲60 g,用药3月余,肝脾缩小,腹水消退,症状缓解。由此可见,运用血瘀逐瘀汤调治血瘀体质易发心悸、不寐、郁证、异常汗出、发热、胸痹、黄褐斑、脱发等疾病,可做到调体与治病相结合,标本兼顾。

综上,针对血瘀体质的临床特征与病理变化,确立其调体法则是以活血化瘀、通畅血脉为主,兼顾益气、理气、清热凉血及滋阴养血。调体的长期性及血瘀体质的稳定性,决定其调体主药需药力适中,调体辅药要有前瞻性。血府逐瘀汤之所以可作为调体主方,是其组方结构体现了调体主药及配药的筛选原则,适宜血瘀体质长期调理使用,对其进行加减可防治血瘀体质多种易发疾病,可做到体病同调、标本兼治之故。本文通过调体法则、主药配药的筛选、调体主方3个方面的论述,对于制定血瘀体质的调理方案、防治血瘀体质相关疾病,具有一定的临床指导意义。

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Screening of the main prescription of blood stasis constitution regulating body
HENG Xujun , NI Cheng     
Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitutions and Reproductive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
Abstract: According to the theory of constitution of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), different individual constitution has the tendency to certain diseases. Modern research shows that blood stasis constitution is prone to diseases related to coronary heart disease, melasma, uterine fibroids, liver cancer and many other diseases. Improving and regulating blood stasis constitution can play an important role in the prevention and treatment of related diseases. According to the stability of blood stasis constitution and the long-term nature of regulating body, the paper expounds the moderate nature of the main drugs for activating blood circulation and regulating body and the principle of prospective screening of auxiliary drugs and combined with the original prescription of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction, the in-depth analysis of its composition structure and subtraction use, Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction is regarded as the main method of regulating blood stasis constitution in order to guide clinical treatment on blood stasis constitution.
Key words: blood stasis constitution    main prescription    Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction