天津中医药  2020, Vol. 37 Issue (2): 227-234

文章信息

张曼玲, 时昭红, 刘云, 赵文樱子
ZHANG Manling, SHI Zhaohong, LIU Yun, ZHAO Wenyingzi
胃癌前病变信号通路及相关中医药治疗的研究进展
Signal pathways of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer and the related research progress of traditional Chinese medicine treatment
天津中医药, 2020, 37(2): 227-234
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 37(2): 227-234
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2020.02.24

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-11-20
胃癌前病变信号通路及相关中医药治疗的研究进展
张曼玲1 , 时昭红2 , 刘云1 , 赵文樱子1     
1. 湖北中医药大学, 武汉 430065;
2. 湖北中医药大学附属武汉市中西医结合医院, 武汉 430022
摘要:中国肿瘤患者中,胃癌的发病率及病死率均较高。胃癌前病变(PLGC)是胃癌发展的关键阶段,及时诊断、干预PLGC,可降低胃癌发生发展风险。PLGC的治疗,西医目前以抗幽门螺杆菌(Hp)、补充维生素、叶酸、非甾体类药物为主,同时密切随访,其疗效尚有争议。中医药治疗PLGC独具特色,且已有许多研究证实其疗效可靠,但具体机制尚未完全明确,故综述PLGC的常见信号通路及中医药治疗机制的研究进展。
关键词胃癌前病变    信号通路    中医药    

流行病学研究显示,中国肿瘤的发病率及病死率排名中,胃癌均列前3位[1]。胃癌是多因素导致的多阶段疾病,遗传、幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染、不良的饮食、生活习惯[2]等因素均参与胃癌前病变(PLGC)的发病。Correa[3]首先提出,胃癌的形成过程为:慢性胃炎→胃黏膜萎缩→胃黏膜肠上皮化生(GIM)→上皮内瘤变→胃癌,这一观念得到广泛认可并沿用至今。其中慢性萎缩性胃炎(CAG)、GIM、上皮内瘤变/异型增生(Dys),即PLGC,是炎瘤转换过程的关键阶段。

PLGC的西医治疗,以定期随访、改善饮食结构为主,配合根除Hp、非甾体类药物(NSAID)、补充微量元素、叶酸[4]等,但其确切疗效尚不确定。中医认为,PLGC多虚实夹杂,临床以肝胃郁滞、湿热内蕴、胃络瘀阻、胃阴不足、脾胃虚弱证多见,普遍认为脾虚与血瘀是本病的关键病机环节,临床需将辨证与辨病相结合,在辨证准确的基础上,结合内镜及病理诊断酌情加减。PLGC病程较长,常守方治疗并随访,故中成药在此病的运用也十分广泛,如胃复春片、摩罗丹、左金丸、欣胃颗粒等,治疗此病均有一定疗效[5]。中医“既病防变”的理论,与西医试图延缓其发展为胃癌的治则相契合,加之个性化方案和整体治疗,在PLGC的治疗中独具优势。临床与基础研究均证实,中医药治疗PLGC的疗效确切,且具有多靶点作用。笔者列举了PLGC发病常见的信号通路,并综述了基于这些信号通路的中医药治疗研究进展,以期为临床用药提供参考。

1 表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)通路

EGFR为跨膜受体酪氨酸激酶家族,在正常机体胃黏膜的上皮细胞、固有膜细胞及黏膜肌细胞均表达,以胃黏膜上皮细胞的表达最强。表皮生长因子(EGF)及其相关肽转化生长因子(TGF-α)是EGFR最主要的配体,一旦配体与EGFR结合,在酪氨酸激酶区磷酸化活化,即启动一系列级联反应,如增强血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、存活素、肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)信号通路等的表达,导致受体本身及细胞内酪氨酸残基的磷酸化,促进细胞的增殖、分化[6]。EGFR参与胃黏膜修复,调节黏膜细胞生长发育,修复受损的黏膜,参与胃肠上皮细胞分化增殖和成熟,而EGFR的过表达会导致细胞过分化,正常的上皮细胞发生异型增生并进一步发展[7]。EGF和TGF-α及其共同受体EGFR参与了胃上皮细胞增殖分化的调控,与CAG[8-9]、GIM[10]、Dys[11]的发病密切相关。

中医药治疗可能通过干预EGFR通路发挥治疗PLGC的作用。符娇文等[12]通过动物实验[单功能烷化剂甲基硝基亚硝基胍(MNNG)结合情志刺激、饥饱失常法造模]发现,半夏泻心汤可通过介导EGFR、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)蛋白表达,诱导“病态”细胞凋亡,重新恢复细胞增殖和凋亡之间的平衡,从而逆转PLGC;魏玥等[13]通过喂养CAG伴Dys模型大鼠(MNNG+氨水溶液+雷尼替丁颗粒)发现,益气化瘀解毒法可抑制EGFR的高表达及EGFR/MAPK细胞信号传导通路的异常激活,这可能是其逆转PLGC、防治胃癌的有效作用机制之一;周杰[14]通过实验发现,黄芪多糖能通过降低EGFR、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)等的表达,改善CAG大鼠(MNNG+饥饱失常造CAG模型)胃黏膜病变、抑制胃癌细胞增殖;颜莉等[15]通过临床观察发现,摩罗丹可以显著减低CAG患者EGF和EGFR的表达,且临床疗效显著;另外,在外治方面,TODISCO等[16]发现艾灸疗法能通过抑制EGFR/ERK等蛋白表达,抑制细胞凋亡,减少胃黏膜异生。

2 JAK/STAT信号通路

JAK/STAT信号通路,即Janus激酶-信号转导子与转录激活子通路。JAKs是细胞质内非受体可溶性蛋白酪氨酸激酶,已发现JAK1/2/3及TYK2广泛存在,JAK3仅存在于骨髓和淋巴系统中。STATs属于胞质蛋白、信号转导子和转录激活子、核转录因子,已发现STAT1/2/3/4/5a/5b/6几种亚型,其中STAT3在人类肿瘤中最常见。JAK是STAT3最重要的上游蛋白,各种细胞外信号刺激后,JAK以磷酸化的方式活化酪氨酸残基,形成STAT停泊位点,STAT与受体结合后,JAK使STAT磷酸化激活形成二聚体,并进入细胞核内,与靶基因的启动子相结合,调节下游基因的转录活性。在肿瘤的发生发展过程中此通路持续活化,调节下游靶基因的表达,如Bcl-xL、Bcl-2、Fas、Cyclin D1、Mcl-1、Survivin、c-Myc等,促进肿瘤细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡,参与肿瘤免疫逃逸,抑制免疫功能,导致肿瘤的发病、扩张。ISHII等[17]发现大鼠胃黏膜中STAT3信号的缺失导致Hp感染时上皮细胞增殖、萎缩和化生减少。目前研究认为,JAK/STAT信号通路通过在肿瘤细胞增殖、免疫抑制、炎症、干细胞和转移前生态位中发挥作用[18],参与胃黏膜上皮内瘤变[19]发病。

谢晶日等[20]实验发现,欣胃颗粒对PLGC大鼠(采用MNNG为主的复合因素造模)胃黏膜组织病理具有明显的改善作用,可以下调STAT3、p-STAT3的表达以达到对抗PLGC作用;李慧臻等[21]通过动物实验发现:半夏泻心汤通过抑制PLGC大鼠(改良MNNG+复合法造模)胃黏膜组织STAT3信号通路,促进抑癌因子的表达,从而抑制PLGC的发生发展;王坤等[22]实验发现,穴位埋线疗法可能通过提高CAG大鼠(MNNG+饥饱失常法)胃黏膜组织SOCS 3的表达,抑制JAK2-STAT3的异常激活,从而降低靶因子Cyclin D1、Bcl-2的表达水平,改善大鼠CAG情况;韦维等[23]发现,安胃汤可能通过调节CAG大鼠(MNNG)JAK1/STAT3信号通路关键因子JAK1、STAT3、c-myc、SOCS-3的表达,缓解炎症并防治CAG;蔺焕萍等[24]实验得出:自制中药合剂参佛胃康可能通过下调PLGC大鼠(MNNG造模)胃黏膜组织中VEGF、STAT3和HIF-1α的表达,逆转大鼠胃黏膜组织病变;王坤等[25]发现穴位埋线法(脾俞、中脘、足三里)可改善CAG大鼠(MNNG+不规则饮食)胃黏膜的病理改变,可能与其上调胃SOCS 3蛋白表达、抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路的激活有关。

3 PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路

蛋白激酶Akt的活化包括PI3K依赖和PI3K不依赖2种,PI3K依赖的活化通常要依赖PI3K上游的各种细胞因子、生长因子的活化、物理刺激等,再磷酸化激活PI3K/Akt。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)是PI3K/Akt通路下游的信号分子,促进细胞生长和增殖。mTOR由mTOR、GβL、mTOR调节相关蛋白、mLST组成,能磷酸化活化下游的信号分子,如mTOR信号基序蛋白(TOS)、蛋白激酶P70S6K1、Sox2、EIF4E结合蛋白1等。Akt和mTOR通路之间可经反馈和负反馈调节彼此连接,这种机制制约了他们过度激活,可遏制不受控制的细胞增殖。而肿瘤微环境下的PI3K基因常广泛突变,突变的PI3K易活化,高度活化的PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路可与蛋白激酶MAPK、核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)、磷脂酶PLCγ、转录因子AP-1、促凋亡因子p53构成细胞信号通路网络,进一步促进细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡。消化系统恶性肿瘤等常存在PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的持续异常激活,胃黏膜损伤,BADARY等[26]观察临床患者胃黏膜病理情况,发现mTOR的表达与CAG、GIM和Dys相关,推测PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路的活化参与PLGC的发病。

刘嘉诚等[27]发现半夏泻心汤能通过影响PLGC大鼠(改良MNNG+复合法)胃黏膜组织微环境中的PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路中的启动子、调控器及效应子,阻断PLGC的发生发展;王鲜婵等[28]通过动物实验得出结论:消痰散结方能通过下调PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的相关蛋白PTEN的表达,抑制该通路的活性,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的生长;刘宁宁等[29]通过细胞实验(H.pylori感染的MKN45细胞)发现,健脾解毒方可抑制H.pylori诱导的HUVEC血管新生及细胞VEGF的表达,调控PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路,可能是其防治胃癌的重要作用靶点。许文彬等[30]发现,清热化湿方可能通过调控PI3K/AKT信号,下调beclin-1及CDK1表达,诱导细胞自噬而发挥防治胃癌的效用;王晨光等[31]发现针灸急性胃黏膜损伤大鼠胃经穴位可升高胃黏膜细胞PI3K/Akt信号通路中PI3K、PKB、PAK表达,促进胃黏膜损伤修复,抑制其发展为PLGC。

4 NF-κB/Bcl-2通路

细胞凋亡和细胞增殖失衡在PLGC发生中有重要意义,NF-κB/Bcl-2通路常参与抑制细胞凋亡的过程。正常情况下,NF-κB存在于胞浆内,与IκB结合处于失活状态,细菌、病毒等刺激后,NF-κB与IκB分离,进入细胞核内与特异性位点结合而发挥作用,而Bcl-2启动子上具有可与NF-κB发生特异性结合的位点,NF-κB与之结合后,通过转录途径促使Bcl-2表达上调,TNF-α也参与其中,此时NF-κB和Bcl-2的表达均上调,共同抑制细胞凋亡,介导胃癌的发生发展。

肖高春[32]通过临床试验,发现健脾和胃方能够通过下调NF-κB/Bcl-2通路指标,有效促进细胞凋亡,一定程度上预防胃癌发生;朱昱翎等[33]发现,健脾通络解毒方可通过抑制NF-κB/Bcl-2通路促进细胞凋亡,治疗CAG伴肠上皮化生(IM)或伴有Dys,阻断PLGC发展为胃癌的进程;潘俊娣等[34]认为胃苏颗粒可改善CAG患者胃黏膜病变,其作用机制可能与上调胃黏膜TFF2、下调胃黏膜NF-κB的表达有关;1项临床随机对照试验[35]发现,相比西药常规治疗,中药辨证论治可改善PLGC患者的临床症状,同时有效降低Bcl-2、Ki-67异常表达,即证实中药辨证可通过抑制NF-κB/Bcl-2通路达到治疗PLGC的目的。

5 Shh信号通路

Hedgehog(Hh)基因是由Nüsslein-Volhard、Wieschaus首先在果蝇体内发现[36]。目前,已知哺乳动物体内表达3种同源基因,分别为Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)、Desert Hedgehog(Dhh)和Indian Hedgehog(Ihh),Shh信号通路包括:分泌型信号糖蛋白Shh、膜结合受体patched(Ptch1)、跨膜信号蛋白Smoothened(Smo)、位于Smo胞质尾区的神经胶质瘤相关家族锌指转录因子(Glis)及其调节蛋白[37]

研究发现,Shh、Smo、Gli1、Cyclin D1及Cyclin E1在大鼠PLGC组织中高表达,而Ptch1及SuFu则正好相反[38]。Hh信号通路在慢性胃炎向PLGC过程中起重要作用,H.pylori引起的黏膜炎症和相关炎症可通过Hh通路导致壁细胞萎缩、肠化生进展[39]。其中Shh在壁细胞中高表达,Shh通路通过调动干细胞的增殖分化、壁细胞分泌胃酸作用,调节胃上皮细胞的成熟和分化,与PLGC的发生关系密切[40]。CAI等[41]通过观察PLGC大鼠(MNNG造模)Shh、Ptch1、Smo、Gli1、Gli水平,发现Shh信号通路在PLGC形成过程中被激活,提示Shh信号通路参与PLGC的发病与进展。另外,Shh还参与Nf-κB[42]、TGF-β、Akt/mTOR[43]等信号通路的激活从而诱导PLGC。

赵唯含等[44-45]通过动物实验(幽门弹簧法制备慢性萎缩性胃炎大鼠模型)研究证实,黄芪、三七及其配伍(益气活血法)能明显改善CAG大鼠胃黏膜病变,其机制可能与激活Hh信号通路相关;丁峰[46]通过实验发现,绿茶提取物可通过下调Shh(SMO/Gli-1)信号通路抑制胃癌细胞增殖及诱导调亡。

6 黏蛋白通路

上皮层是胃黏膜防御的第一道防线,由一层黏液覆盖,保护胃黏膜上皮免受胃酸、蛋白酶和致病菌的侵害。黏蛋白(MUC)家族是是一组高度O-糖基化的糖蛋白,包括跨膜型和分泌型,其中分泌型MUC是胃黏液的主要组成部分,由上皮细胞分泌,包括MUC2、MUC5AC、MUC6等,在不同的胃组织中表达各异:在正常胃黏膜组织中,MUC5AC分布于表面小凹上皮,MUC6位于深部腺体,呈阳性表达,而MUC2几乎不表达;在肠上皮化生的腺体中常可见到MUC2的表达,研究显示MUC表达水平与胃黏膜肠化的亚型有一定相关性[47];在胃癌组织中,MUC5AC、MUC6呈弱表达,MUC2呈高表达。既往的研究表明MUC异常表达与PLGC及胃癌的发生发展均有关联[48]

饶晶等[49]通过临床试验,发现健脾清热化瘀方可通过上调胃黏膜MUC5 AC蛋白的表达,改善PLGC患者症状,增强胃黏膜的保护,减轻GIM和Dys;严丹等[50]通过随机对照试验得出结论,养阴清热通络方联合西药治疗PLGC患者效果显著,可明显增加MUC5 AC阳性表达;张启龙等[51]通过喂养胃黏膜受损大鼠,发现小半夏汤对胃肠黏膜损伤具有防治作用,同时可上调组织MUC5 AC的表达,其机制可能与促进黏膜杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白、促进黏膜上皮细胞增殖有关。

7 p53信号通路

P53基因是研究最广泛的抑瘤基因,通过调节靶基因的转录、调节细胞周期、抑制细胞凋亡从而维持基因组稳定。该基因的突变与人类50%以上的肿瘤相关,主要是获得新功能的突变、杂合性缺失等。当DNA损伤时,野生型p53水平增高并活化,能结合靶基因启动子,促进靶基因表达p21(作为中介物)等,p21可结合、灭活cyclinA/CDK2复合物,将细胞阻滞在G1/G0期,不能进入S期,直到脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)损伤得到恢复,能抑制细胞增殖分化;如果DNA损伤不能被修复,野生型p53持续升高,引起细胞凋亡,避免细胞演变成肿瘤细胞。而p53基因突变,或野生型p53基因蛋白被抑制,DNA受损细胞存活,并进入S期,对致瘤因子、促生长因子敏感,则可能成为失控的肿瘤细胞。

p53在肿瘤发生发展不同阶段的表达有差异,过去多认为p53在胃癌发展中是一个晚期事件,在PLGC、早期胃癌组织中很少表达甚至不表达[52],后有报道显示p53在CAG、GIM、早期胃癌[53-54]中均有异常表达,且p53的不同亚型有差异性表达[55]。突变是肿瘤抑制基因失活的主要机制之一,在胃癌中p53的突变频率达到32%,研究显示P53的突变可能与Hp感染相关[56],Hp阳性的患者根除Hp治疗后,突变型p53蛋白的表达率从66.7%降至14.3%。

ZHANG等[57]与CAI等[58]通过喂养PLGC模型动物(MNNG造模)发现:黄芪甲苷Ⅳ能缓解PLGC大鼠胃黏膜肠化,其机制可能与调节p53表达相关;熊潭玮等[59]发现,加味柴芍六君方、胃复春均可改善PLGC大鼠胃黏膜病变,同时抑制p53、Survivin的表达;1项临床随机对照研究[60]发现萎胃汤能够改善CAG患者的症状、胃镜征象、病理情况,降低外周血清及胃黏膜组织中COX-2、P53的蛋白表达量,增强胃黏膜屏障防御和自我修复能力;加味香砂六君子汤被证实可降低大鼠胃黏膜p53 mRNA的表达,具有治疗PLGC的作用[61];魏玥[62]发现,益气化瘀解毒法能通过逆转p53基因的突变,促进p53发挥其原有抑制肿瘤的作用,从而达到治疗CAG伴Dys大鼠,逆转PLGC的目的。

8 讨论

PLGC是胃炎发展至胃癌的中间环节,SONG等[63]统计32年间40余万患者胃黏膜的活检结果,发现约有1/256胃黏膜正常者、1/85胃炎患者、1/50的CAG患者、1/39的GIM患者、1/19的Dys患者在20年内发展成胃癌,提示在PLGC阶段及时干预,对于延缓病程甚至逆转病变具有重大意义,也是胃癌二级预防的重要部分。

目前PLGC的药物治疗仍存在争议,2019年欧洲PLGC管理共识[64]将Hp根除治疗列为高质量证据的治疗手段,但只在胃炎、GIM阶段能显著降低胃癌发生风险,而其他药物治疗,包括COX抑制剂、抗氧化维生素的补充、非甾体类药物均列为弱推荐;值得一提的是,共识首次提出中成药摩罗丹治疗PLGC具备一定疗效,但未来还需要进一步的临床及机制研究作为支撑,指出中医药治疗PLGC的潜力所在。依据PLGC的临床表现,可纳入中医“胃脘痛”“痞满”等范畴,外感六淫、情志不畅、饮食不节、素体脾虚均会导致发病,目前对于PLGC的中医药治疗未统一,多数医家从虚[65]、从瘀[66]论治。另外,由于PLGC常缓慢进展,有些患者甚至没有任何症状,需久病缓图,故摩罗丹、胃复春、增生平等中成药广泛应用于临床,但相关的机制研究较少。整体而言,当前PLGC的治疗无规范化的模式,机制研究也不够深入,因此进一步探索其确切机制,从而有的放矢是当前科学研究的重大课题。

笔者从PLGC的发病机制切入,综述了导致发病的常见信号通路以及基于此信号通路中医药治疗的研究进展。当前,运用中医手段治疗PLGC的显著疗效及良好的安全性已得到广泛认可,也不乏相关的临床研究及机制探索,但综述发现:相关的临床试验普遍质量不高,尚缺乏大样本、多中心、随机对照、双盲的临床试验;机制研究不够深入;另外,对中药的有效单体、剂量剂型与疗效相关性的研究较少,有待进一步挖掘。笔者认为,中医药治疗PLGC,应师古而不泥古,一方面,在充分传承中医经典的基础上,利用当前先进的内镜及病理技术,将传统辨证与内镜、病理下辨证相结合,将辨证与辨病相结合、改善症状与截断逆转相结合,优化遣方用药方案,提高临床治愈率,最大化发挥中医药独特优势;另一方面,应在当前PLGC发病机制国内外最新研究的基础上,深入探索中医药治疗PLGC中的确切机制及发挥作用的靶点,为临床用药提供强有力的理论支撑。

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Signal pathways of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer and the related research progress of traditional Chinese medicine treatment
ZHANG Manling1 , SHI Zhaohong2 , LIU Yun1 , ZHAO Wenyingzi1     
1. Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China;
2. Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Affiliated to Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430022, China
Abstract: The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer among all kinds of cancers are both high in China. The precancerous lesion of gastric cancer (PLGC) plays an important role in the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Earlier diagnosis and treatment of PLGC can reduce the risk of developing into gastric cancer. At present, the therapy methods of PLGC contains anti-Hp treatment, supplement of kinds of vitamins, folic acid, non-steroidal drugs, and intensive follow-up. However, the curative effects of above strategies are still controversial. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has its unique feature. It has been proved by many researches that the TCM has significant effect in PLGC treatment, but the mechanism is not completely clear. This article summarizes the dominating signal pathways of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer and the related research progress of TCM.
Key words: precancerous lesion of gastric cancer    signal pathway    traditional Chinese medicine