天津中医药  2020, Vol. 37 Issue (5): 490-495

文章信息

李衍达, 张文晋, 赵振宇, 孙嘉惠
LI Yanda, ZHANG Wenjin, ZHAO Zhenyu, SUN Jiahui
中医诊治SARS的经验对新型冠状病毒肺炎的启示
Inspiration of diagnosis and treatment of SARS with traditional Chinese medicine on novel coronavirus pneumonia
天津中医药, 2020, 37(5): 490-495
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 37(5): 490-495
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2020.05.03

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-02-24
中医诊治SARS的经验对新型冠状病毒肺炎的启示
李衍达1,2 , 张文晋1 , 赵振宇1 , 孙嘉惠1     
1. 道地药材国家重点实验室培育基地, 中国中医科学院中药资源中心, 北京 100700;
2. 中国中医科学院中医临床基础医学研究所, 北京 100700
摘要:新型冠状病毒肺炎(NCP)疫情发展较快,随着中医的逐步介入,取得了一定的成效,但大多为尝试性的方剂和方法,对于2003年抗击严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)留下的中医经验,缺少梳理、总结和应用。NCP与SARS无论从西医的角度看待疾病,还是中医的视角看待瘟疫,两种病毒均有较高的相似性。SARS流行期间形成的中医抗击新型传染病、新型病毒的共识,包括预防、治疗、愈后调养等,在此次NCP防疫中将有所作为。
关键词新型冠状病毒肺炎    SARS    中医经验    

2019年12月以来,湖北省武汉市发现了多例不明原因且不明发源地的肺炎病例,并以武汉市为中心,由于交通等社会因素,传染性较强。其病原体于2019年12月12日,中国疾病预防控制中心认定为非严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)新型冠状病毒。截至2020年2月4日24时,国家卫生健康委员会收到31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团累计报告确诊病例24 324例(海南省核减1例),其中,2月4日0~24时新增确诊病例3 887例,现有重症病例3 219例,累计死亡病例490例,累计治愈出院病例892例(海南省、湖北省各核减1例),现有疑似病例23 260例,现有185 555例正在接受医学观察。累计收到港澳台地区通报确诊病例39例[1]

国家中医药管理局、多省中医医院为代表的中医医疗队迅速驰援武汉,中国曾在抗击2003年SARS中取得重大胜利,中医药在该瘟疫期间发挥了辨证施治的重要优势,积累了针对冠状病毒所引起肺炎的宝贵治疗经验。本研究综述了中医药在SARS流行期间的预防、诊治等,并分析了SARS与新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎,NCP)的异同,以期有助于中医药在抗击NCP中再创佳绩,早日战胜疫情。

1 瘟疫的预测

中国有关瘟疫流行的预测历史悠久,是古代先贤探索自然规律的预见性智慧,是在预防瘟疫过程中的最先一步。其中,科学性、预见性最强,最为中医业界公认的当属五运六气的预测。

运气是中医根据时令,及当时的天气情况是否符合当时节气物候,而对疾病的治疗做出指导,对疾病的发生发展做出预测,是非常科学,而并非偶然的[2]。2003年癸未年为火运不及,司天之气为太阴湿土,在泉之气为太阳寒水。《素问·六元正纪大论》记载:“凡此太阴司天之政,气化运行后天,阴专其政,阳气退辟,大风时起,天气下降,地气上腾。原野昏霿,白埃四起,云奔南极,寒雨数至,物成于差夏。民病寒湿,腹满,身愤胕肿,痞逆寒厥拘急。湿寒合德,黄黑埃昏,流行气交,上应镇星辰星。其政肃,其令寂,其谷黅玄。故阴凝于上,寒积于下,寒水胜火,则为冰雹,阳光不治,杀气乃行。故有余宜高,不及宜下,有余宜晚,不及宜早,土之利,气之化也,民气亦从之,间谷命其太也。”用药方面注意:“以苦燥之温之,甚者发之泄之。不发不泄,则湿气外溢,肉溃皮拆而水血交流。”关于疾病爆发的位置,《素问·六元正纪大论》曰:“癸未、癸丑岁:上太阴土,中少徵火运,下太阳水。寒化雨化胜复同,邪气化度也,灾九宫”,九宫即南方。此外,有学者认为引起SARS的病毒基因组独特,并且进化时间较长[3],在癸未年这一时机方发作流行也并非偶然。

有关疾病的发展态势,中医有其预测理论,这对于适时加强医疗队伍,做好应对病例增加的准备有一定的意义。《灵枢·岁露》曰:“人与天地相参也,与日月相应也。故月满则海水西盛,人血气积……当是之时,虽遇贼风,其入浅不深。至其月郭空,则海水东盛,人血气虚,其卫气去……当是之时,遇贼风则其入深,其病也卒暴。”如SARS期间广州晦朔到上弦病例数明显较其他时间段多[4]

对于2019新型冠状病毒而言,其发于己亥年终之气,在目前庚子年初之气仍在进一步发展。因厥阴风木司天逢中运土运不及,木克土,乃天刑之年,故己巳、己亥年也因此成为六十甲子年中木强土弱最显著的年份。由此,己亥年终之气是六十甲子年中风热最盛的年份。另一方面,此次瘟疫发于己亥年终之气太阳寒水,气候本应寒冷,却出现“风热偏盛”的情况,武汉当地气温整体较往年偏高[5],“冬行春令”,客气少阳相火内蕴,复被寒气阻遏,易出现外寒内热的证候[6-7]

2 瘟疫的预防

中医有着独特的“治未病”预防理念和方法。如精神调摄、运动健身等提高人体正气的运动方法,以及饮食调养、针药调养等独具中医特色的预防途径,均是SARS流行期间重要的预防方法[8],代表性的预防方剂有以乳香、苍术为主要药物的避瘟丹等经典方[9],又有当时中医根据当时疾病特点开具的“防疫方”[10]。当然,在SARS流行期间出现的“大江南北一张方”的做法则应避免。

对于尚未感染2019新型冠状病毒,但存在暴露的人群,中医药预防最简捷、效果较好的是传统的香薰方法,如苍术、黄柏、艾叶等,均有显著的预防作用[11],如无条件,则可制成香囊[12],充分发挥中医“避其毒气”的优势[13]。值得注意的是,无论是SARS还是NCP,在早期预防中,均不必大量使用清热解毒的寒凉药物,应因时因地因人,采用适宜的预防方法,选用合适的避秽药物[14-15]。而对于密切接触者,则以玉屏风散为主,辅以金银花等清热解毒及藿香等芳香化浊。此外,有关规律、适度、适合适宜的饮食,调养经筋,舒畅情志等,均是预防NCP的必要措施[16]

3 新型病毒的病因与辨证

《素问·刺法论》曰:“五疫之至,皆相染易,无问大小,病状相似。”而2003年SARS与近日NCP相似程度则更高,具体表现在主要病位、病原体[17]、发病潜伏期、病毒分类[18]、亲缘关系、病毒可能宿主[19]、传染性、症状、影像学等9个方面,见表 1

表 1 SARS与NCP的相似性 Tab. 1 Similarities between SARS and NCP

而中医对于SARS与NCP,认识上也高度一致,具体表现在疾病归属[20]、病因病机[21-22]、传染方式[23]、体征[24]、各期疾病特点(均分为初期、中期、极期、恢复期等4期)[25-27]及治法治则,见表 2

表 2 SARS与NCP中医辨证异同 Tab. 2 Similarities and differences in traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation between SARS and NCP

整体而言,NCP的病机以湿困脾闭肺,气机升降失司为主,在不同的时期表现为不同的证型,其疾病传变规律与SARS较为相似,分为初期、中期、极期、恢复期4期。在初期为湿毒郁肺证,病邪首先侵袭肺脏,治法治则则以宣肺透邪为主。中期病入阳明,宣肺与通腑并举。极期则表现为内闭外脱,或热闭,以凉开三宝醒神开窍,或阳气暴脱,以四逆汤回阳救逆。恢复期由于邪气所致气阴两伤,则气阴双补以恢复正气。

4 诊治SARS于抗NCP的意义

中国关于传染病(瘟疫或大疫)的论述较多,在《古书医言》《伤寒温疫条辨》《丹台玉案》《时疫论辨义》《广温疫论》《陈仁玉著菌谱》《伤寒总病论》《温病之研究》《疫疹一得》《泻疫新论》《伤寒补亡论》《伤寒补例》《温疫论》等著作中均有专论或体现,关于瘟疫的病源、传播流行以及发病有着深刻的见解[28]。在SARS流行期间,这一关于治疗传染病的宝库曾发挥了突出作用,其中的诸多方剂取得了良好的疗效。单味药在SARS的防治中亦疗效甚佳[29],如甘草在病毒复制、穿膜等多个阶段均有明显抑制作用[30]。如在广州,应用中药治疗,患者发热时间缩短为平均退热时间5 d,明显改善临床症状,明显促进肺部炎症吸收,并改善患者低氧血症,阻断轻证病例疾病进展和传变,多数未向严重证转化,治疗过程中未表现出毒副作用,还缓解大剂量激素的毒副作用。此外,还减轻了患者的经济负担[31]

在比较SARS症状与中医已有证型方面,中医临床工作者曾积累了不少归纳性的经验[32],梳理出了不少针对冠状病毒的中医理论依据[33],整理了大量的典型医案[34-35],还有部分抗击SARS的针灸处方[36]。当然,在认识2019新型冠状病毒过程中,也应强调中医原创思维,将整体观和辨证论治一以贯之。如关于2019新型冠状病毒可能造成明显的肝损伤[37],为中医辨证提供参考,即应收集肝与肺同病的症状和体征,且在SARS期间,也有中医针对当时的证候提出清化肝火的治疗方法[38]

而关于避免对于冠状病毒引起的肺炎失治误治,如发散消导犯劫津之戒[39],在辨证施治同时,适当加入抗病原微生物的中药,注意邪正兼顾,顾肺阴、肺气、血络[40],将为诊治NCP理清了道路。

NCP以急证为主,以邪盛为主要矛盾,与SARS极为相似,将逐邪作为首要治法,急证急攻[41]。对于某些特殊的西医辨症,如肺纤维化,SARS流行期间的中医经验也不妨拿来使用[42]。因肺为主要的病位,而肺与大肠相表里,则在诊治过程中应尤其关注大便的情况,并据此辨别疾病的传变情况,及时调整兼顾2019新型冠状病毒与中医证型的处方[43]

5 小结与展望

中医在预防医学方面有其独到的预见性和预防效力,既有未病先防,既病防变,又有瘥后防复,在应对公共卫生突发灾害方面,应予以重视。五运六气与关于预测病毒发展的现代数学模型结合,预测疾病的发展、转归情况[44]

中医在诊治传染病方面应本着兼顾标本,分清病位,不一定大力攻伐,而给邪出路,在疾病传变时截断扭转,发挥自身优势利用好中医的“韧性”[45]

从中医诊治SARS的经验来看,中医在瘟疫的初期便应介入,在初期取得的效果良好,而中医治疗NCP在山西、黑龙江、陕西、河北等试点省份的治疗结果达90%的良好疗效,与此相符。

NCP虽然可以与某本中医著作对某种“戾气”的描述相近,或与某个方剂所言之证相似,但毕竟是前所未有的新型病毒引起的新证、急证,如果贸然以某个方剂进行治疗,必然有失偏颇,用某句经典对疾病进行概括,也必然是片面的。中医虽具有辨证论治的优势,而是否兼顾,如何兼顾这种烈性的病原微生物,尚有待讨论。关于治疗此次“寒湿疫”的处方有共性,不同的中医专家组,不同的中医医院却又各具个性,究竟何种处方最为对证,还有待临床疗效这一唯一检验标准。

对于“寒湿疫”的考证需要纵观一切关于瘟疫的中医典籍,综合考量本次NCP的病因病机、发病特点、传变特征,得出全面概括NCP的新证候,这样的瘟疫文献梳理工作亟待完善。

虽然西医认为该疾病是肺炎,但中医认为“五脏六腑皆令人咳,非独肺也”,中医应根据患者的症状与体征综合考量,没必要一味攻伐寒湿,只着眼于肺这单一脏器。

SARS期间中医药取得的巨大胜利,是中医药这一伟大宝库曾发挥较大优势的一次厚积薄发,体现出中医药应对新型传染病,新型冠状病毒的极大韧性,也表现出标本兼治、整体观在“急证急攻”时的安全性,辨证论治病毒性肺炎体现出中医的精准治疗、个体化治疗。该次胜利反过来,极大地补充了中医治疗瘟疫的一般方法,包括防治手段和对传染源的截断。这些经验在近日NCP中应予以重视,不应重头另起炉灶。

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Inspiration of diagnosis and treatment of SARS with traditional Chinese medicine on novel coronavirus pneumonia
LI Yanda1,2 , ZHANG Wenjin1 , ZHAO Zhenyu1 , SUN Jiahui1     
1. State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
2. Institute of Clinical Basic Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
Abstract: The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) in Wuhan has developed rapidly. With the gradual intervention of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), some results have been achieved, but most of them are tentative prescriptions and methods. For the experience of TCM in fighting severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, there is a lack of review, summary and application. NCP and SARS have a high similarity whether they view disease from the perspective of Western medicine or plague from the perspective of Chinese medicine. The consensus of TCM against new infectious diseases and new viruses formed during the SARS period, including prevention, treatment, and recuperation, would provide some references in this NCP epidemic prevention.
Key words: novel coronavirus pneumonia    SARS    experience of traditional Chinese medicine