天津中医药  2020, Vol. 37 Issue (5): 496-502

文章信息

王怡菲, 邱模炎, 裴颢, 张琼英, 刘淑娟, 邹浩, 熊莉莉, 文天才
WANG Yifei, QIU Moyan, PEI Hao, ZHANG Qiongying, LIU Shujuan, ZOU Hao, XIONG Lili, WEN Tiancai
基于24个省市自治区诊疗方案的新型冠状病毒肺炎中医病因病机与证素特点探讨
Discussion on etiology, pathogenesis and syndrome elements characteristic of novel coronavirus pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine based on diagnosis and treatment plans of 24 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions
天津中医药, 2020, 37(5): 496-502
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 37(5): 496-502
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2020.05.04

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-02-21
基于24个省市自治区诊疗方案的新型冠状病毒肺炎中医病因病机与证素特点探讨
王怡菲1 , 邱模炎1 , 裴颢2 , 张琼英3 , 刘淑娟4 , 邹浩5 , 熊莉莉5 , 文天才6     
1. 中国中医科学院望京医院, 北京 100102;
2. 中国医药科技出版社, 北京 100082;
3. 厦门市中医医院, 厦门 354002;
4. 北京市朝阳区孙河社区卫生服务中心, 北京 100015;
5. 北京中医药大学, 北京 100029;
6. 中国中医科学院中医临床基础医学研究所, 北京 100700
摘要:2019年12月,湖北省武汉市爆发新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎),并迅速波及全国乃至多个境外地区。国家卫生健康委员会、国家中医药管理局及各省市迅速出台了关于新冠肺炎的中医药诊疗方案,根据各地区患者发病特点,为新冠肺炎的快速诊治提供了参考。文章通过对24个省市自治区新冠肺炎的中医诊疗方案进行整理、分析,对新冠肺炎的病因病机及证素特点进行探讨。
关键词新型冠状病毒肺炎    中医药    病因病机    证素    

2020年2月14日,在“关于中医药参与疫情防控的新闻发布会”中,黄璐琦院士指出:在中医药参与治疗的新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)患者中,轻症患者咽干、胸闷等不适症状消失较快,重症患者治疗周期缩短。各期患者对中医药介入治疗意愿迫切,治疗满意度高。目前,在湖北地区中医药参与率75%以上,其他地区超过90%。由此可见,中医药在抗击新冠肺炎的战役中作出了巨大贡献。

2月18日,国家卫生健康委员会、国家中医药管理局出台了《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行)第六版》(简称第六版《方案》)[1],并提出各有关医疗机构要在医疗救治工作中积极发挥中医药的作用。在第六版《方案》中,认为新冠肺炎属于中医“疫病”范畴,病因为感受“疫疠”之气,病位在“肺”,以湿毒壅肺为核心病机,证素要点包括“湿、毒、寒、热、闭、虚”。与第五版《方案》[2]相比,第六版《方案》将临床治疗期的初期、中期、重症期、恢复期改为轻型、普通型、重型、危重型、恢复期。并首次将“寒、热”统一,在初期轻症中增加了“湿热蕴肺证”,并根据温病学卫气营血传变规律细化了临床证型,使临床对疾病的诊断更加清晰和明确。

由于地域、饮食、体质等方面的差异,各地区中医药专家、学者对新冠肺炎的认识也各有不同。现笔者将从以下3个方面对各省市自治区新冠肺炎诊疗方案[3-26]进行对比分析,来探讨新冠肺炎的病因病机及中医证素特点,以期对临床新冠肺炎的诊治和预防提供参考。

1 疾病名称

对24个省市自治区新冠肺炎中医诊疗方案中的中医病名进行汇总。24个省市自治区诊疗方案中,有21个诊疗方案明确了中医病名,3个诊疗方案未提及中医病名。在确定中医病名的21个诊疗方案中有19个诊疗方案将新冠肺炎归于中医“疫病”范畴。其中黑龙江省将其中医病名定义为“疫病”或“瘟疫”,广东省将其中医病名定义为“疫病”或“温病”,陕西省将其归属于“风瘟”之类,南京市将其归属于“温疫”。但“湿瘟”“风瘟”“瘟疫”都属于疫病范畴。

2 新冠肺炎的病因病机及证素特点

笔者对各省市中医诊疗方案中的病位、病因病机及证素特点进行了汇总。

由于多数诊疗方案对病位、病机表述并不清晰,故针对诊疗方案中未明确表述病位、病机的方案,笔者根据“以方测证”的原则和疾病分期证候来推知疾病的病因病机及证素特点。见表 1

表 1 新冠肺炎病位及病因病机 Tab. 1 Location, etiology and pathogenesisp of novel coronavirus pneumonia

病位方面:在24个诊疗方案中,有21个诊疗方案明确病位在“肺”。有2个诊疗方案(河北、广东)认为病位由表及里,多遵从上中下三焦和卫气营血传变规律。南京市则认为病位主要在卫分、气分。

病因方面:24个方案都认为是由感受疫戾之气所致,虽表述略有不同,但核心病因一致。病机方面:疾病的传变规律基本一致,都是按照由表及里,卫气营血的规律进行传变。在疾病初期病性存在区别。有3个方案认为初期病机为温邪犯肺;4个诊疗方案认为初期病机为疫毒(邪毒)袭肺;有8个诊疗方案认为初期病机为湿邪(毒)郁肺;有6个诊疗方案认为初期病机为寒湿袭肺;有3个诊疗方案认为初期病机为湿热犯肺。可见初期病理因素有“温、毒、湿、寒、热”之不同,在疾病中期各方案病机基本相同,基本病机为湿毒化热,热毒郁肺,核心病理因素为“湿、热、毒”,重症期邪毒内闭,基本病机均为邪毒内陷,内闭外脱,核心病理因素为“湿、热、毒、闭”,恢复期病机也基本相同,为“肺脾气虚、气阴两虚”,核心病理因素为“虚”。

证素特点方面:江苏省等7个省市方案的证素特点为湿、热、毒、闭(瘀)、虚,辽宁省等7个省市自治区诊疗方案的证素特点为寒、湿、热、毒、闭(瘀)、虚,江西省等3个省市诊疗方案的证素要点为湿、热、毒、闭(瘀),湖南省、南京市2个省市诊疗方案的证素特点为温、热、毒、瘀、虚,河北省诊疗方案的证素特点为湿、浊、毒、热、瘀、虚,吉林省诊疗方案的证素特点为湿、热、毒、瘀、寒,广东省诊疗方案的证素特点为湿、热、毒、虚,新疆维吾尔自治区诊疗方案的证素特点为寒、湿、热、毒。由此可见,“湿、毒、闭、虚”为最核心的证素,“湿、毒”贯穿每个诊疗方案,符合疫病的特点。

3 讨论 3.1 疾病名称

各省市自治区新冠肺炎中医诊疗方案将疾病病名定义为“疫病”“风瘟”“湿瘟”“瘟疫”“温病”等。仝小林院士等[27]认为新冠肺炎当属中医的“寒湿疫”,王玉光等[28]认为新冠肺炎可称之为“湿毒疫”。但无论寒湿疫还是湿毒疫,其皆归属于中医“疫病”的范畴。《黄帝内经》中《素问·刺法论》有记载曰:“五疫之至,皆相染易,无问大小,病状相似。”即疫病是一类传染性极强,可造成大面积流行,起病急,危害大,不论性别和年龄,其临床表现相似的急性烈性传染病的总称[29]。新冠肺炎的高致病性和强烈传染性符合“中医疫病”的诊断,且广义的温病包括“温(瘟)疫”[30]。但在部分诊疗中出现将疫病与时行温病相混淆的现象,临床上需要注意鉴别。

3.2 疾病的病位及病因病机

由各省市自治区新冠肺炎中医诊疗方案可知,本病的病位主要在肺,可累及脾胃。《灵枢·经脉》讲:“肺手太阴经之脉,起于中焦,下络大肠,还循胃口,上膈属肺。”这就说明肺与胃、与大肠直接相通,并且肺与大肠相表里。故肺与脾胃、大肠之间是密切相关的。肺为华盖,外邪侵袭,首先犯肺,肺有病必然影响胃肠,临床上确有部分新冠肺炎的患者出现恶心、呕吐、腹泻等胃肠道症状。也有诊疗方案认为病位由表及里,在卫分、气分。这是从温病卫气营血传变的角度理解的。由于“瘟疫”也属于“温病”范畴,外邪侵袭,从皮毛口鼻而入,侵犯卫分,邪气亢盛,卫表不固,则邪气进一步下传,传至气分,此时未给予及时正确的治疗,疾病进一步传至营血分,则病情加重。有些患者疾病初起即病情危重,这是由于邪气不经气分,直接传入营血分。

在病因的角度来看,对各省市自治区新冠肺炎的诊疗方案均认为本病是由感染疫戾之气所致。吴又可在《温疫论·原病》中也记载了“疫者,感天行之疠气也”,明确指出“疠气”是疫病的病因。疫戾之气的性质主要为“湿毒”。即具有湿邪性质的疫戾之气。

从病机的角度来说,湿邪为主要的病理特点贯穿疾病的始终,湿毒壅肺为本病的核心病机。从疾病分期的角度来看,疾病初期各省市自治区诊疗方案的病机认识各有不同。有认为是疫毒(邪毒)袭肺的,有认为是湿邪(毒)郁肺的,有认为是寒湿袭肺的,有认为是湿热犯肺的。各地病机认识不同,考虑可能与不同地区地域特点及人群体质、饮食习惯、生活节奏等方面的差异有关。临床医家对该病病因病机的认识也各有不同。如姜良铎教授[31]认为疾病早期以湿热伤肺为主要病机。仝小林教授等[27]认为,新冠肺炎的病机以寒湿伤阳为主线,兼有化热、变燥、伤阴、致瘀、闭脱等变证。潘芳等[32]认为该病的病机为湿毒盘踞膜原,可有寒热从化,易于影响气机升降,可耗伤正气、化热、化毒、夹寒、夹瘀。由于地理环境、气候、个人体质、生活习惯等诸多因素的影响,患者表现出的症状各有不同。疾病中期、重症期、恢复期的病机基本相同。疾病中期的核心病机为湿毒化热,热毒郁肺,疾病重症期的核心病机为内闭外脱,疾病恢复期的核心病机为肺脾气虚,气阴两虚。因此,临床在诊治新冠肺炎时要结合具体情况,三因制宜,这也体现了中医的个体化辨证论治思想,及同病异治思想。

3.3 疾病的证素特点

通过对各省市自治区新冠肺炎的中医诊疗进行统计分析,笔者提炼出,该病以“湿、毒、闭、虚”为主要证素特点。综合各诊疗方案了解到,初期的证素特点有“寒、热、温、湿、毒”,中期证素特点有“湿、热、毒、瘀”,重症期的证素特点有“闭、脱、瘀、热、毒”,恢复期的证素特点有“湿、热、虚”。王玉光等[28]认为该病的证素为“湿、毒、瘀、闭”,在治疗上初期辟秽化浊、宣肺透邪;进展期宣肺通腑、清热解毒、化瘀通络;极期开闭固脱、解毒救逆;恢复期清解余邪。根据疾病核心证素,分期治疗,化浊、解毒、化瘀、开闭,根据证素,采取对应措施进行治疗。郑榕等[33]认为该病由“寒湿疫毒”所致,根据“寒、湿、毒”辨证,即其核心证素为“寒、湿、毒”,核心治疗原则为散寒除湿、辟秽化浊。治疗原则与证素相应。不同诊疗方案的证素特点各异,考虑不同地区由于地域、气候等因素略有不同,例如,辽宁、吉林等东北地区,气候偏寒,证素中“寒”较为常见。

笔者认为,该病的核心证素为“湿、热、毒、闭、虚”,“湿、毒”为本病的核心证素,该病起于湖北地区,气候潮湿,湿毒袭肺,湿郁化热,热毒内陷则内闭外脱,疾病日久耗伤正气、阴津,则气阴两虚。初期证素为“湿、毒”,中期证素为“湿、热、毒”、重症期为“湿、热、毒、闭”,恢复期为“湿、热、虚”。

通过了解疾病的证素特点,可以从整体上认识该疾病,从而根据不同时期不同证素特点拟定相应的治疗原则。同时根据疾病的证素要点还可推知疾病的病情变化和病位传变,对疾病的治疗和预防起着重要的作用,能够早期治疗,正确干预,控制病情进一步发展。

4 总结

笔者对24个省市自治区的中医诊疗方案进行了总结、对比,就中医病名、病因病机、证素特点3个方面进行了统计分析。各省市自治区诊疗方案将新冠肺炎归属于疫病范畴,病位在肺,可累及脾胃,为感受疫戾之气所致,以湿毒壅肺为主要病机,以“湿、毒、闭、虚”为主要证素特点。同时由于气候、地域、患者体质等因素的影响,其疾病性质各有不同,因此,在临床诊疗时,临床医生还需根据具体情况,三因制宜,辨证论治。中医药早期介入治疗可加快缓解症状、改善病情、缩短病程。中医强调“治未病”思想,即未病先防、既病防变、瘥后防复,对于早期预防和预后康复等方面也有重要的作用。笔者尽可能全面地收集、分析了各省市自治区的中医诊疗方案,以期为临床新冠肺炎的防治提供一定的参考。国家及各省市自治区的诊疗方案仍在持续更新,期待日后大数据对其进行更为全面深入的研究及分析。

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Discussion on etiology, pathogenesis and syndrome elements characteristic of novel coronavirus pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine based on diagnosis and treatment plans of 24 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions
WANG Yifei1 , QIU Moyan1 , PEI Hao2 , ZHANG Qiongying3 , LIU Shujuan4 , ZOU Hao5 , XIONG Lili5 , WEN Tiancai6     
1. Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100102, China;
2. China Medical Science Press, Beijing 100082, China;
3. Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese medicine, Xiamen 354002, China;
4. Sunhe Community Health Service Center in Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China;
5. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China;
6. Institute of Clinical Basic Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
Abstract: In December 2019, novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) broke out in Wuhan, Hubei Province, and it quickly spread across the whole country and even many overseas areas. The National Health Commission, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and various provinces and cities quickly issued a traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment plan for NCP, which provided a reference for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of NCP according to the characteristics of patients in various regions. Based on the arrangement and analysis of the TCM diagnosis and treatment plans of NCP in 24 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, this paper discusses the etiology, pathogenesis and syndrome elements characteristics of NCP.
Key words: novel coronavirus pneumonia    traditional Chinese medicine    etiology and pathogenesis    syndrome element