天津中医药  2020, Vol. 37 Issue (5): 517-523

文章信息

解静, 高杉, 李琳, 高树明, 徐一兰, 于春泉
XIE Jing, GAO Shan, LI Lin, GAO Shuming, XU Yilan, YU Chunquan
新型冠状病毒肺炎的中医病机与辨证诊疗汇总分析
Summary of the pathogenesis and syndrome differentiation of the traditional Chinese medicine in novel coronavirus pneumonia
天津中医药, 2020, 37(5): 517-523
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 37(5): 517-523
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2020.05.07

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-04-09
新型冠状病毒肺炎的中医病机与辨证诊疗汇总分析
解静 , 高杉 , 李琳 , 高树明 , 徐一兰 , 于春泉     
天津中医药大学, 天津 301617
摘要:自2019年12月以来,湖北省武汉市爆发多起不明原因肺炎疫情,后经病原学检测判定为一种新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV),将由其引发的疫情拟称为新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19),并被国家卫生健康委员会列入乙类传染病,采取甲类传染病的预控制措施。由张伯礼院士等专家组成的专家组深入疫区,开展疫区中医药防控工作,有效控制了疫情的发展与转归,取得显著成效。文章从目前已公布的临床资料出发,比较分析COVID-19患者的临床症状、检查、中医证候、治疗等内容,以期为临床指导COVID-19诊断及治疗提供依据。
关键词新型冠状病毒    肺炎    症状    实验室检查    辨证论治    中西医结合    

2019年12月以来,湖北省武汉市爆发多例不明原因肺炎患者,并迅速蔓延至中国其他地区,乃至境外[1-2]。2020年1月10日,经实验室病原学检测,初步判定本次不明原因病毒性肺炎的病原体为一种新型冠状病毒,与目前已知的可感染人类的冠状病毒结构存在差异[3]。1月12日,世界卫生组织(WHO)建议将新型冠状病毒命名为“2019-nCoV”,并于1月31日宣布新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情构成“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”(PHEIC)。2月7日,中国国家卫生健康委员会经国务院批准,将该病暂命名为“新型冠状病毒肺炎”,简称“新冠肺炎”,英文名为“NCP”(Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia)。2月11日,WHO从疾病爆发年份角度,将由该病毒引起的疾病更新为“COVID-19”(Corona Virus Disease 2019)。同日,国际病毒分类委员会提出该病毒为SARS冠状病毒的姊妹病毒,并命名其为“SARS-CoV-2”(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)。

截止北京时间2020年3月2日0时,中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团报告,累计确诊病例80 174例,累计死亡病例2 915例,累计治愈出院病例44 578例。中国多地区呈高发态势,亟需采取积极有效的防控措施。由于目前尚未研制出针对新型冠状病毒的上市靶向药物,西医多采取抗病毒药、激素、干扰素联合应用的对症治疗手段[4-6],然未见显著疗效。基于此,中国工程院院士、中央指导组专家组成员、中医专家张伯礼教授明确提出,从当前实践来看,要充分发挥中医药的双向调节作用,通过中医药调控机体的免疫功能,使轻度、中度、恢复期乃至重症患者渐趋阴平阳秘之动态平衡。

1 西医对COVID-19的认识及防治 1.1 西医对COVID-19的认识

冠状病毒隶属套式病毒目、冠状病毒科、冠状病毒属,是一类具有囊膜的、基因组为线性单股正链RNA病毒,也是引起呼吸道感染的重要病毒性病原体之一[7-10];2019-nCoV是其中最新发现的具有致病性高、突变性高、传染性强的β冠状病毒[3]。经对临床患者样本进行基因测序后发现[11-12],2019-nCoV属于蝙蝠SARS-CoV物种,并与穿山甲中分离出的病毒序列具有高度相似性(约为99%),提示蝙蝠可能是2019-nCoV的天然宿主,穿山甲则可能是其潜在的中间宿主。

《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版)》明确指出[13],该病主要经呼吸道飞沫和接触传播,人群普遍易感;而无症状感染者、气溶胶和消化道也可能成为新的传染源、传播途径。该病潜伏期为1~14 d,临床表现以发热、干咳、乏力为主,或伴鼻塞、流涕、咽痛、腹泻等症状,重者可迅速发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒血症和多脏器功能衰竭等。该病预后良好,病情危重者较少,但老年人和具有慢性基础疾病者预后较差。由于COVID-19爆发前期,无特异性针对该病毒的核酸检测技术,也没有特异性抗病毒药物,故临床多以对症支持治疗为主。此外,少部分COVID-19患者就诊时白细胞计数或淋巴细胞计数等未见异常改变,未提示明显的炎性反应[14-16];也有极少数患者的胸部电子计算机断层扫描(CT)未见明显磨玻璃影或斑片状阴影,容易造成漏诊误诊[16-17]。因此,临床中除应将实验室检查与影像学检查手段相结合外,还应警惕有武汉市旅游史或临床有发热但伴新型冠状病毒肺炎相关检查呈阴性的人群。

1.2 西医在COVID-19中的防治作用

尽管前期临床已更新多种COVID-19治疗方案[13, 18-19],但由于2019-nCoV是一种新发现病毒,迄今尚无有效抑制该病毒复制周期的临床药物。然实验室研究发现,作为一种RNA病毒,2019-nCoV可能具有与人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)相似的、用于病毒复制和组装的功能蛋白。因此,HIV蛋白酶抑制剂或可对2019-nCoV有效,《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版)》已推荐使用利托那韦/洛匹那韦联合用药。该方案还明确指出,目前对COVID-19的西医治疗主要采取抗病毒疗法(如采取雾化吸入α-干扰素、口服利托那韦/洛匹那韦),或依据细菌学检测结果联合广谱抗菌药物;对于重症及危重症患者的治疗原则,主要是在对症治疗的基础上,积极防治并发症,预防继发感染,并及时进行器官功能支持[20-21]。此外,通过同源建模、分子对接和计算机模拟发现,奈非那韦或可作为2019-nCoV的抑制剂用于该病治疗[22]。在新的核苷酸类似物新药研发中,瑞德西韦(RDV)已被证明是一种潜在的抗2019-nCoV药物[4, 23],该药在体外实验和临床中取得疗效[24-25]。皮质类固醇治疗可降低肺部炎症反应,但与此同时,还会延迟冠状病毒的清除[26-28],因此糖皮质激素对冠状病毒的疗效也存在一定争议。在本次针对武汉市爆发流行的肺炎疫情也显示,不同剂量的甲泼尼龙暂无明确的临床疗效[29]

2 中医对COVID-19的认识及防治 2.1 中医对COVID-19的认识

从中医角度看,COVID-19属“疫病”范畴[30],2019-nCoV则归为“疫疠之邪”,是六淫邪气中传染性强烈、易引发流行的致病因素。诚如《字林》曰:“疫,病流行也。”《温疫论》云:“温疫之为病,非风、非寒、非暑、非湿,乃天地间别有一种异气所感。”《素问·刺法论》言:“五疫之至,皆相染易,无问大小,病状相似。”曹植于《说疫气》中亦有“疠气流行,家家有僵尸之痛,室室有号泣之哀。或阖门而殪,或覆族而丧”之叙[31]

本次COVID-19产生的病因主要有两方面:一是感受外来疫疠之气,二是素体正气亏虚[32-33]。武汉地处长江中下游平原,属北亚热带季风性湿润气候,疾病爆发时节气候呈暖冬且多阴雨,即一派“湿”象,使本次疫疠之气具有“湿毒”特点[34]。发病早期,疫疠湿毒自口鼻而入,侵犯上焦,肺卫受邪,则湿毒郁而化热,故疾病早期患者大多以发热为主要症状。如吴鞠通在《温病条辨》曰:“病温者,始于上焦。”薛雪在《湿热病篇》中也指出:“湿热证始恶寒,后但热不寒。”若患者表现为身热不扬,则多乃“肺病湿则气不得化”之故[35]。湿毒挟热侵及肺系,肺失宣降,气逆于上,则见咳嗽、流涕、咽痛等不适。此外,热毒易伤津耗气,致患者自觉乏力。当外邪内侵,损伤正气,正气亏虚,疫疠之气进一步传变,若出现胸闷痞满、腹泻、便溏、舌苔厚腻等症,多为疫疠之气顺传入中焦,湿毒困脾,脾失健运,中焦升降失常所致,此为病情由浅入深,由轻到重的病理进程;而若温热之邪由肺卫直接逆传入心包,则可出现喘促、神昏、厥逆之症,说明邪热炽盛,病情危笃。新型冠状病毒肺炎重症患者出现多个脏腑功能衰竭、凝血功能障碍等,实乃病情进一步发展,湿毒传入下焦,肝肾受损所致。由此可见,COVID-19病变过程是湿、毒、热、瘀、虚等病理因素的集合与演变[36-37]。而疾病进程,亦与正气强弱密切相关。《素问·刺法论》有云:“正气存内,邪不可干;邪之所凑,其气必虚。”吴鞠通在《瘟疫论》中也有“本气充满,邪不易入,本气适逢亏欠,呼吸之间外邪因而乘之”之说。由此可见,正气强弱对于疾病的发展及预后具有重要的影响。如前所述,从目前临床收治病例来看,老年人及原有慢性基础疾病的患者,因自体正气亏耗,更易罹患新型冠状病毒肺炎,并易发展为重症,预后较差[38]

2.2 中医在COVID-19中的防治作用

张伯礼院士面对本次疫情的严峻形势,总结COVID-19的治疗特点主要是病毒感染与机体免疫状态博弈的结果[39],并同时提出“防控疫情,中医从参与者变成主力军”的局势,强调了积极发挥中医药优势和特色在抗击疫情中的中坚力量。对此,钟南山院士也给予相应的肯定,他指出“应重视中医中药在防控COVID-19中的作用”,并明确表示:“中医一开始就要介入,别到最后不行了才看。”

本文通过回顾性梳理自疫情爆发以来的公开临床病历资料,并对照《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版)》中的相关内容后发现,各地患者除具有该诊疗方案中的相关症状外,还兼有口干、肌肉酸痛、寒战、身痛、痰中带血等不同表现,见表 1。分析后知,新出现的症状多以上焦局部症状为主,然究其病机不当只局限于上焦。患者发热伴见口干,或因热盛伤津,津液亏少所致,或为湿阻中焦,津不上承所因;发热伴见口苦、咽干、头痛、纳差,或因患者初发伤寒太阳病,后为疫疠之气外侵,伤寒太阳病久,邪传少阳,胆为少阳之府,胆热上蒸,发为口苦,肝火上炎,气逆于上,则见头痛,湿阻中焦,脾胃运化失调,则见不思饮食。另有极少数患者出现恶寒、身楚、流涕等症,此乃“风身体疼痛者,……风湿相搏于分肉之间,相击,故疼痛也”。湿毒邪气感染于身,湿著肌表,此类患者仍可伴见恶寒发热,无汗,舌苔白腻,脉濡等征象。基于此,各医家虽给出了不同的中医证候诊断及相应的治法方药,但始终不离中医学的精髓与特色——辨证论治。

表 1 已公开COVID-19患者中医临床资料汇总表 Tab. 1 Published TCM clinical information of patients with COVID-19

证候是辨证论治的核心,其虽不能独立成为病名,但却是“论治”的根本[46]。透过疾病的复杂病理过程,审证求因,抽提出与疾病本质相符合的、客观的自身规律,抓住疾病的内在核心本质而非外在表象,是中医“治病必求于本”的体现[47],也是中医与西医的区别所在。本次疫情期间,一线医务工作者根据当地气候特点及临床实际情况,给予患者相应的辨证方药(如表 1所示),虽各有不同,但综合来看,病毒感染早期,邪气强盛,正气不虚,正气尚可敌邪,故治疗多以祛邪为主,兼以扶正,方予羌活胜湿汤、藿朴夏苓汤或藿香正气散等;病至中期,正邪双方势均力敌,形成正虚邪伏的相持状态,故可予定喘汤合升降散、麻杏石甘汤合达原饮等方剂祛邪扶正;病及晚期,或因病患日久,或因素体基础疾患较多,邪盛正虚,正不敌邪,患者出现一派阳脱阴亡之象,此时当辅以四逆汤合人参汤、生脉散、苏合香丸或回阳救急汤等回阳固脱,开窍救逆;当正胜邪退,疾病向愈之时,可予生脉散、参苓白术散、竹叶石膏汤等。经中医药积极干预后,武汉、天津、山东、重庆、贵州等全国多地区新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的临床表现明显改善,平均住院时间均有缩短,临床治愈患者显著增多。

纵观临床,虽与《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版)》中的相关内容有所差异,但这也正是中医不拘泥于形式,司外揣内,见微知著,以常衡变的体现。

为进一步做好COVID-19病例诊断和医疗救治工作,国家卫生与健康委员会专家组对新近临床病例特点进行了分析与讨论,研判与总结,在此基础上对《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版)》进行了补充与修订,并于2020年2月19日出版了《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第六版)》[30]。该方案仍将中医治疗分为医学观察期和临床治疗期,但将临床治疗期由原来的“初期、中期、重症期和恢复期”更新为“轻型、普通型、重型、危重型(内闭外脱证)和恢复期”,并对相应的证候表现、辨证诊治进行了补充与完善。此外,方案还建议医学观察期即开始使用中成药干预,并推荐清肺排毒汤为临床治疗期的通用方;对重型、危重型患者依据病情及个人体质,适当配以痰热清注射液、热毒宁注射液、醒脑静注射液等中成药治疗,并附有详细的用药说明。

3 小结

国家在了解COVID-19疫情后,第一时间积极采取有效的防控措施,信息发布高效透明,有效抑制了疫情的进一步扩散。此外,在未明确特异性抗病毒药物的同时,国家全力支持中医药在这场抗疫实战中的介入治疗作用,并贯彻落实到实处。来自全国各地的中医临床医师纷纷踊跃响应,积极参与到临床工作中。张伯礼院士等组成的专家团队也深入疫区,始终坚持斗争在疫情最前线。在指导、参与临床一线工作时,张伯礼院士多次反复强调对于留院观察疑似病例、轻症病例、危重症者以及恢复期患者,要按病情分类集中管理,确保治疗的有效性,并明确提出“中医药要全程参与此次疫情的防治工作,全程发挥作用,彰显中医药的特色和优势”。

当前,中国也存在从输出病例国转为输入病例国的可能性。面对这场尚待战胜的疫情,坚持中西医相互配合,突出中医优势,充分发挥中医药在新型冠状病毒肺炎救治中的积极作用成为势不可挡的趋势。

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Summary of the pathogenesis and syndrome differentiation of the traditional Chinese medicine in novel coronavirus pneumonia
XIE Jing , GAO Shan , LI Lin , GAO Shuming , XU Yilan , YU Chunquan     
Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Abstract: Since December 2019, there have been outbreak pneumonia epidemic with unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei Province. The virus was then determined to belong to a kind of novel coronavirus by etiological detection. The epidemic caused by this virus is called novel coronavirus pneumonia, which is listed as Class B infectious diseases by the National Health and Health Commission and pre-control measures for Class A infectious diseases are taken. The expert group, composed of academician ZHANG Boli and other experts, went deep into the epidemic area and carried out the prevention and control of traditional Chinese medicine in the epidemic area. This measure effectively controlled the development and outcome of the epidemic, and achieved remarkable results. Therefore, based on the published clinical data, this article compares and analyzes the clinical symptoms, examination, traditional Chinese medicine syndromes and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia patients, so as to provide basis for clinical guidance of novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment.
Key words: 2019 novel coronavirus    pneumonia    symptom and sign    laboratory examination    syndrome differentiation and treatment    integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine