天津中医药  2020, Vol. 37 Issue (6): 680-684

文章信息

纪朋成, 刘纳文, 唐硕, 孙祎梦
JI Pengcheng, LIU Nawen, TANG Shuo, SUN Yimeng
浅析茯苓“角药”在《伤寒杂病论》中的配伍与应用
Compatibility and application of Poria cocos "angle medicines" in Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases
天津中医药, 2020, 37(6): 680-684
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 37(6): 680-684
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2020.06.19

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-03-21
浅析茯苓“角药”在《伤寒杂病论》中的配伍与应用
纪朋成1 , 刘纳文2 , 唐硕1 , 孙祎梦1     
1. 天津中医药大学研究生院, 天津 301617;
2. 天津市第一中心医院中医科, 天津 300192
摘要:"角药"是由3味中药联合应用、配伍而成,相辅相成,互为犄角。《伤寒杂病论》中包含着大量的角药运用,根据其在方剂中发挥作用的不同。文章分别从独立成方、方剂中主要作用、方剂中次要或辅助作用以及多组角药联合作用4个方面对经方中茯苓"角药"进行详细的梳理和分析,以期为临床提供指导与参考。
关键词茯苓    角药    伤寒杂病论    配伍应用    

“角药”是以中医基本理论为基础,以辨证论治为前提,以中药性味、七情为原则,3味中药联合使用、配伍组成,三足鼎立,互为犄角[1],通过相互辅助与制约,以达减毒增效之意。“角药”介于对药与方剂之间,是中药与方剂连接的桥梁,其配伍需根据一定的病因、病机,满足一定的条件[2],即相须相畏、相反相成、协同相辅三中之二方可。较单味药和药对而言,组方复杂且灵活多变,范围广泛,意义深远。

《道德经·第四十二章》云:“道生一、一生二、二生三、三生万物。”为“角药”的形成提供了哲学理论基础[3]。中药四气五味、升降浮沉和引经归经等理论,为“角药”的形成提供了中医理论基础。现有医学古籍中,角药最早运用于《伤寒杂病论》,张仲景首创角药雏形,为角药理论的形成与发展作出了巨大的贡献[4]

作为“众方之祖”的《伤寒杂病论》蕴含着大量角药的配伍应用,深入学习、分析这些配伍能够拓宽组方用药的思路,使经方灵活运用于临床。笔者试以茯苓为例,尝试探讨张仲景组方中角药的运用。

茯苓,渗利水湿之上品。《神农本草经解读50味·上品(30味)》言:“主胸胁逆气… …久服安魂养神,不饥延年。”[5]因其性平淡,补而不腻,利而不峻,祛邪又兼扶正,故与他药相伍,无论性味如何,均可发挥其功效。现代研究证实,茯苓具有利尿、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、保肝、抗病毒、抗炎等药理作用[6]。《伤寒杂病论》中运用茯苓共33方,以茯苓命名者涉及18方。笔者对经方中茯苓角药的配伍运用进行了详细的梳理与分析,以便探寻仲景组方用药之精髓。

1 独立成方之“角药”

由3味中药组成的方剂与“角药”在形式结构上相一致,即此类方剂自身为某一角药的具体应用。现总结如表 1

表 1 独立成方“角药” Tab. 1 Independent prescription "angle medicines"

“茯苓、杏仁、甘草”角药中茯苓为君,逐中焦之水,平上冲之气;苦杏仁为臣作用于上焦,《药征·卷下》言其“主治胸间停水”,《神农本草经疏·果部三品》[7]谓其有“润利”之功,“散滞”之效,与茯苓配伍,相使为用,肺脾之气同调,通利上中两焦;甘草为使,助茯苓健脾以行水,助苦杏仁降逆气而缓胸中之痛,两两协同,相互辅助。

“茯苓、半夏、生姜”角药中茯苓引水下行、定眩悸;半夏辛温,降逆祛痰除痞结;生姜通阳开结、温肺脾胃之寒,绝生痰之源,两药相须为用,温化水饮,降逆止呕,且生姜制半夏之毒,取相畏之意;茯苓得生姜温胃止呕利水,得半夏除痞散结祛痰;三药相使相须,协同相辅,使水饮去,胃阳复,则呕自止、眩悸自除。若加厚朴、苏叶便为半夏厚朴汤,其辛开苦降,行气化痰以散结,临床主要治疗痰气郁结所致的梅核气。

“茯苓、猪苓、白术”角药中茯苓健脾利湿;猪苓性味甘平,入肺、脾经,通调水道、扶助脾土;白术,归脾、胃两经,甘温苦燥,补中气,化胃脾水饮;三药相须为用,重在健脾,《金匮要略心典·呕吐哕下利病脉证治第十七》认为本方关键在于“崇土”以制水。

2 方剂中主要作用之“角药”

此类角药占据方剂的主导位置,其功用与方剂的主要功用相一致,舍此则不能构成本方。现总结如表 2

表 2 方剂中起主要作用的“角药” Tab. 2 "Angle medicines" playing a major role in prescription

“茯苓、猪苓、泽泻”角药中二苓甘淡,利水祛湿;猪苓善利上焦;茯苓善利中焦;泽泻甘淡、性寒,导热下行,善利下焦。《医方考·伤寒门第二》谓猪苓“质枯轻清之象”、茯苓“中宫之性”、泽泻“润下之性”[8],茯苓得猪苓,健脾利肺;茯苓得泽泻,健脾泄肾;三药相须相辅,通利三焦,泄利全身水湿。若加桂枝、白术,则为五苓散,温阳化气利水;加滑石、阿胶则为猪苓汤,妙在其利水、养阴、清热,而无伤津、滋腻、留寒之弊;五苓散加茵陈蒿则为茵陈五苓散,对湿热黄疸湿较重者,疗效甚佳。

“茯苓、桂枝、甘草”角药中茯苓甘淡,既利水消阴、绝水湿之源,又宁心止悸,为核心之药;桂枝温阳化气,降冲逆,益心以制水;《得配本草·卷七》认为桂枝得茯苓“御水气之上犯以保心”,可平冲降逆、宁心定悸;甘草助茯苓祛湿益脾,助桂枝降冲逆,扶心阳,为“升阳化气之良剂”[9]。经方中运用其较多,现总结如表 3

表 3 含茯苓“角药”的苓桂剂 Tab. 3 Prescription containing Poria cocos and cassia twig involved in Poria cocos "angle medicines"

“茯苓、人参、白术”角药中茯苓健脾祛湿;人参善补“元气”、生津止渴,为“补虚第一要药”,白术善补“母气”、燥湿利水,两药合用,补全身之气;茯苓合白术,燥湿力著;茯苓合人参,补益筋骨、益气化阴[10]。三药合用利不伤正、补不壅滞,相须相助、协同相辅。若加附子、芍药,则为附子汤,扶阳固本、利水消阴。薯蓣丸、侯氏黑散等方均以此3味作为补气健脾养血要药,再分别配以疏肝、温阳、活血等药以治虚实夹杂之证。

“茯苓、附子、白芍”角药中茯苓利水消肿;附子大辛大热,为回阳救逆、温经止痛之“圣药”,温元阳化寒湿;白芍养血和营、敛阴柔肝;附子、白芍同用收敛元阳,归根于阴;茯苓、附子温燥,白芍喜静善收敛,三药阴阳相济、刚柔并用,相反相成[15]。若加生姜、白术,则为真武汤;加人参、白术,为附子汤;两方均治少阴阳虚证,但组成有生姜和人参之别,真武汤用生姜旨在温散水气止眩悸,附子汤重用人参,加大附子、白术的剂量,旨在补一身之阳气以散寒痹[16]

“茯苓、白术、白芍”角药中茯苓、白术益气散精、补脾利水;白芍益阴、利小便,茯苓得白芍,利小便而不伤阴;白术、茯苓偏温燥,白芍偏苦寒,三药相须相使、寒热并用、相反相成。佐以甘草助芍药化阴缓痛,姜枣调和营卫,组成桂枝去桂加茯苓白术汤,水湿困脾为关键病机[17],故用此3味健脾利水、宣通气化,使小便通利,水饮得去,阳气外达,则病自愈。

“茯苓、附子、干姜”角药,附子、干姜辛热,相须为用,回阳救逆;茯苓宁心除烦,《名医别录·卷第一》言其可“长阴”,合姜附以通阳气。若加甘草、人参则为茯苓四逆汤,方中茯苓为君协人参可益阴安精神[18],姜附合甘草以化阳;张仲景用茯苓大多用其渗利水湿,惟本方不同,用其益阴安神之效[19]

“茯苓、龙骨、牡蛎”角药中茯苓祛痰宁心;龙骨、牡蛎相须为用,镇心安神、定惊除烦,《神农本草经读·上经》认为两药合用祛痰疗效显著,赞其为“治痰神品”;茯苓与龙骨牡蛎同用,相辅相成,用药巧妙,一则可宁心定惊,再者健脾祛痰、通利三焦,使邪热从小便去。

3 方剂中次要作用之“角药”

此类角药在方剂中处于次要位置,起着辅佐主药的作用。现总结如表 4

表 4 方剂中起次要作用的“角药” Tab. 4 "angle medicines" playing a secondary role in prescription

“茯苓、泽泻、牡丹皮”角药为八味肾气丸之辅药,茯苓善泻脾水,助山药健脾又防其壅滞之弊;泽泻善泻肾水,泻干地黄之滋腻;牡丹皮凉血散瘀,善泄相火以制山茱萸温涩之性;茯苓、泽泻相须而用,利脾阴、泻肾水;茯苓、泽泻与牡丹皮相伍,相使为用,共泻肝、脾、肾;此3味寓补于泻,佐“三补”以制纯补留邪之患。

“茯苓、白术、当归”角药为当归芍药散之辅药。方中茯苓甘淡渗湿,助芍药、泽泻通利小便;当归质润性温,润则补血之虚,温则通血之滞,助白芍养血柔肝,助川芎行血祛瘀;白术甘温益脾,补气燥湿,得茯苓祛湿力强,得当归气血相配,气得血则生,血得气则长,而茯苓得当归,益心养血以安心神,三药相须为用,协同相辅,相反相成[15],共构本方之佐使。

“茯苓、白术、甘草”角药为麻黄升麻汤之辅药。茯苓健脾利水,白术益脾燥湿,甘草益气利水;茯苓得白术,健脾燥湿;茯苓得甘草,利水安中;白术得甘草,健脾安中;三药相须为用,相辅相成,共奏运脾益气安中之效。方中用少量茯苓、白术、甘草,为通上下寒热之用。

4 联合应用之“角药”

在临床上,为了适应复杂病情的需要,常多组角药同时应用来治疗相关疾病,以达到减毒增效的目的。现总结如表 5

表 5 方剂中多组“角药”联合运用 Tab. 5 Combination of multiple groups of "angle medicines" in prescription
5 结语

张仲景根据特定的病因、病机将茯苓分别配以温阳、益气、补血、敛阴等药共组茯苓角药,形成三足鼎立之势,多用于治疗痰湿引起的虚实夹杂之证,在经方中分别起到独立成方、主导、次要或辅助、联合应用的作用。角药是临床组方的具体形式,除了茯苓角药,《伤寒杂病论》还有着大量其他角药的配伍与运用,极大地促进了后世医家新角药的创立,如宋代陈自明在《妇人大全良方·产后腰痛方论第二》中运用丹参、芍药、地黄角药治疗妇人产后血虚之病[24];“补土派”李杲创立了甘温除大热的黄芪、人参、炙甘草角药;元代危亦林创立名方“玉屏风散”即黄芪、白术、防风角药,治疗表虚不固之自汗;明代张景岳在《妇人规·经期腹痛》中运用当归、牛膝、肉桂角药治疗妇人经行、产后腹痛等症;清代叶天士创立生地、玄参、麦门冬角药治疗阴液亏虚之阳明温病[25];现代名家周仲瑛[26]运用天花粉、炙黄精、川百合等角药治疗肺癌;国医大师李佃贵教授[27]运用茯苓、薏苡仁、龙眼肉等角药治疗肝硬化。因此,全面思考与剖析张仲景运用角药的特点,发掘其潜在的规律,对各类疾病的治疗有着积极的指导作用。

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Compatibility and application of Poria cocos "angle medicines" in Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases
JI Pengcheng1 , LIU Nawen2 , TANG Shuo1 , SUN Yimeng1     
1. Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
2. Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
Abstract: "Angle medicines" is a combination of three flavors of traditional Chinese medicine, which complement each other and become a corner. Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases contains a large number of angle medicines applications, according to its role in the prescription, this article combs and analyses Poria cocos "angle medicine" in classical prescriptions in detail from four aspects, independent prescriptions, the main role of prescriptions, the secondary or auxiliary role of prescriptions and the combined action of multi-group angle medicine, in order to provide guidance and reference for clinical practice.
Key words: Poria cocos    angle medicine    Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases    compatibility application