天津中医药  2020, Vol. 37 Issue (6): 717-720

文章信息

张岩, 杨定位
ZHANG Yan, YANG Dingwei
乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾小球肾炎的中西医治疗进展
Research progress about HBV-associated glomerulonephritis based on Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine
天津中医药, 2020, 37(6): 717-720
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 37(6): 717-720
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2020.06.26

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-04-20
乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾小球肾炎的中西医治疗进展
张岩1,2 , 杨定位1     
1. 天津市天津医院肾病内科, 天津 300211;
2. 天津医科大学, 天津 300070
摘要:乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾小球肾炎(HBV-GN)是由乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染导致的免疫复合物性肾小球疾病。这类患者病情复杂,预后较差,及早确诊并探寻有效的治疗方法具有重要的临床意义。文章主要就HBV-GN中西医药物治疗的相关研究进展作一综述,以期为临床治疗提供证据。
关键词乙型肝炎病毒    肾病综合征    抗病毒药物    免疫抑制剂    中医药    药物治疗    

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾小球肾炎(HBV-GN)是乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)慢性感染最常见的肝外表现之一,是中国常见的继发性免疫复合物性肾小球肾炎。其发病机制尚未明确,诊断与治疗方面也暂无统一共识,笔者基于HBV-GN基本特点及各类药物治疗相关资料,对HBV-GN的治疗研究进行综述。

1 HBV-GN的基本特点 1.1 流行病学

据统计,全球约有4亿人感染HBV,而中国为HBV高流行区,乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)携带率估计为15%,而HBV-GN发生率占23%~65%,且多见于儿童及成年男性[1]

1.2 发病机制

HBV-GN发病机制目前尚未完全清楚,可能的机制如下[2]:免疫相关因素,包括循环免疫复合物和原位免疫复合物介导的Ⅲ型超敏反应及HBV相关抗原介导的Ⅱ型超敏反应;HBV直接感染肾脏靶细胞,原位表达HBV相关抗原诱导的自身免疫;HBV感染后导致机体出现免疫缺陷及免疫耐受。

1.3 病理类型、临床表现与诊断

HBV-GN几乎涵盖所有原发性肾小球疾病的病理类型,以膜性肾病(MN)最为多见[1]。中国成人患者主要表现为肾病综合征,少数患者可出现冷球蛋白血症[3-4]。乙型肝炎病毒相关性膜性肾病(HBV-MN)在儿童患者中具有较高的自发缓解率及较好的预后。但约30%的成人HBV-MN患者可进展为终末期肾病,甚至需血液透析维持生命[4]。而乙肝e抗原(HBeAg)的转阴、乙肝e抗体(HBeAb)的产生及HBV的清除与蛋白尿缓解和肾功能提高明显相关[4-5]。HBV-GN主要依据血清乙肝病毒标志物阳性及肾脏活体组织检查发现HBV抗原或肾脏病理改变进行诊断,但目前尚无统一诊断标准[6]

2 HBV-GN的抗病毒治疗

美国FDA目前已批准干扰素-α及核苷(酸)类似物两类药物用于治疗HBV感染患者。抗病毒药物通过抑制HBV复制从而保护肝肾功能,减轻HBV-GN的相关症状[4]。干扰素对HBV抗原的转阴率高于核苷(酸)类似物,而核苷(酸)类药物能更有效降低HBV-DNA,对于既往干扰素治疗无效的患者是安全且可长期应用的[6]

2.1 干扰素-α

早期文献报道使用干扰素-α治疗HBV-MN患儿3个月以上,患者蛋白尿均可缓解,90%以上患者的肾功能可维持正常且血清中HBeAg转阴,部分甚至血清HBsAg转阴[7]。近年来其临床资料较少,目前仅将其作为儿童HBV-GN的主要治疗方法。最常见的不良反应是“流感样”症状。一过性骨髓抑制、诱导自身抗体的产生等也有发生[6]

2.2 核苷(酸)类似物 2.2.1 拉米夫定

拉米夫定为临床上第1个批准用于抗HBV的药物。其价格相对较低,因此在中国被广泛应用。拉米夫定治疗HBV-GN效果佳,对蛋白尿的缓解、HBeAg转阴及HBV-DNA的降低均有显著疗效[8-9]。拉米夫定安全有效剂量为100 mg/d,不良反应轻微[10]。然而长期使用拉米夫定出现的病毒耐药率每年可上升20%,随后可能出现肝病的临床恶化[2]。其他核苷(酸)类药物能否应对拉米夫定耐药性问题尚存争论,因而其临床应用受到限制[11]

2.2.2 恩替卡韦

有关恩替卡韦治疗HBV-GN的3项病例数分别为20、33、35例的临床试验显示,疗程结束时总有效率分别为85.00%、93.94%和94.29%(治疗前后疗效比较有统计学差异),对于降低尿蛋白,恢复肝肾功能,HBeAg、HBV-DNA转阴有确切疗效[12-14]。恩替卡韦的病毒耐药性发生率较低,肾毒性小,疗效明显优于拉米夫定及阿德福韦,是抗HBV的一线用药[15]

2.2.3 阿德福韦

阿德福韦本身具有肾毒性,可表现为肾小管损伤、血清肌酐升高甚至范可尼综合征[2, 5]。阿德福韦抗HBV作用较弱因而需要长期治疗,由此而出现的耐药情况及肾毒性副作用限制了它的使用,目前仅被推荐为二线抗HBV用药。

2.2.4 替诺福韦

一项大型多中心随机对照试验[16]比较了恩替卡韦与替诺福韦的疗效,144周治疗后两者均能明显抑制HBV-DNA复制,但是疗效差异无统计学意义,与其他几项研究结论相符[17-18]。相较于恩替卡韦,替诺福韦可长期用于拉米夫定及替比夫定耐药患者,耐药发生率低[11]。且替诺福韦对于其他核苷(酸)类药物抗HBV治疗无效的患者,无论是单药治疗还是联合治疗都能达到显著抑制HBV复制的疗效[19]。肾毒性是核苷(酸)类药物常见副作用,使用替诺福韦治疗的患者其肾小球滤过率(eGFR)以每年2.21 mL/(min·1.73 m2)的速度降低,因此替诺福韦使用剂量应根据肾功能情况进行调整[20-21]

替诺福韦艾拉酚胺是一种新型的替诺福韦前药,其抗病毒效力和降低全身毒性优于替诺福韦。在两项随机、双盲、多国Ⅲ期试验中,替诺福韦艾拉酚胺治疗组(25 mg/d)疗效结果不低于替诺福韦治疗组(300 mg/d),肾毒性及骨密度降低的风险小,且肝功能恢复正常的比例更高[22]。对于eGFR < 50 mL/(min·1.73 m2)的患者无需调整剂量,目前已被推荐为治疗成人慢性HBV感染的一线药物。

2.2.5 替比夫定

替比夫定与拉米夫定相比有更强的抑制HBV复制的作用,且耐药率低[11]。对43位HBV-GN患者进行为期104周的替比夫定单药治疗,尿蛋白缓解率高达95.3%,血清肌酐及HBV负荷量显著降低,近一半患者出现HBeAb的产生及HBeAg的清除,eGFR的明显升高提示替比夫定对于肾功能具有保护作用[4, 10]

3 HBV-GN的免疫抑制治疗 3.1 糖皮质激素

HBV-GN的发病可能与循环免疫复合物的沉积及其相关的免疫介导损伤相关,因此具有一定治疗指征。早期研究发现单用糖皮质激素治疗HBV-GN对于蛋白尿缓解效果差,部分患者出现HBV-DNA转阳及肝功能异常,因此不建议单独使用糖皮质激素治疗[2]

3.2 其他免疫抑制剂

来氟米特可减轻蛋白尿及降低抗双链DNA抗体水平,肝肾毒副作用较小,对其他免疫抑制剂治疗无效的患者也有较好疗效[23]。霉酚酸酯、他克莫司等新型免疫抑制剂亦可有效改善相关症状,对患者治疗有积极影响[24]

4 核苷(酸)类似物联合免疫抑制剂

多项临床研究表明抗病毒药物联合适量的免疫抑制剂治疗HBV-GN,可快速有效缓解患者尿蛋白,且无病毒载量的上升及肝肾功能的变化。激素使用量上显示小剂量与大剂量效果相似,建议小剂量激素治疗[2, 23, 25]。因此对于血清HBV复制指标阴性的HBV-GN患者,可以抗病毒药物治疗为主,辅以糖皮质激素“适量、快减、短程”的诱导治疗。

5 中医中药

HBV-GN属中医“水肿、臌胀、积证、黄疸”等病症范畴。中医诊断标准(参照郑筱萸《中药新药临床研究指导原则》列症):主症:腰膝酸软,气短懒言,乏力,水肿,腹胀;次症:胁满,面色晦暗、口苦口干,大便稀或溏,舌质淡或暗,苔薄黄腻,脉弦细,辨证为脾肾亏虚,肝郁血瘀。其主要发病机制为,脾肾阳虚导致其水湿无力,湿热之邪和肝体郁滞结合后下注于肾,引起肾脏脉络受损进而导致相关症状[26]。本病病机为本虚标实,本虚以脾肾为主,标实多见肝郁、痰湿、血疲、浊毒。因此,治以滋阴补肾,疏肝健脾,清热利湿,活血化瘀[27]

邵朝娣等[28]将HBV-GN辨证分为8个临床证型:湿热蕴结证,治宜清热利湿,方用茵陈五苓散加减;热毒炽盛证,治宜清热解毒,通腑泄浊,治宜犀角地黄汤加减;肝郁脾虚证,治宜消遥散加减以疏肝理气健脾;气滞湿阻证,疏肝健脾化湿,方以柴胡疏肝散合五苓散加减;气虚血瘀证,疏肝益气活血,方用补中益汤;肝肾两虚证,治宜滋肝补肾,养阴利水,用杞菊地黄丸等;脾肾阳虚证,治宜温肾健脾利水,方用真武汤;气阴两虚证,方用六味地黄丸合生脉散益气养阴、清热利水。董志刚等[29]认为,活动期治疗以清热利湿、活血化瘀为主,可分为气滞湿阻型、湿热蕴结型、热毒炽盛型3型;缓解期治疗以扶助正气、养肝补肾健脾为主,兼以祛邪,亦可分为3型:脾肾阳虚型、气虚血瘀型及肝肾阴虚型。

现代药理学证明,熟地黄、五味子、枸杞子、女贞子、菟丝子等有补肾功效,可提高机体免疫力;黄芪可补脾益气,减少蛋白尿;淮山药、白术、炒白芍等药物养血补气、养胃健脾;虎杖、山豆根、茵陈蒿等有清热解毒、抗病毒作用;三七、丹参、赤芍、牛膝等可活血化瘀;白茅根可利尿止血[30]。由这些药物衍生出益肾固精方、益肾解毒活血方、肾复康汤等中药药方。赵建群等[31]对132例患者使用乙肝肾炎煎剂进行治疗,有效率为87.12%。Chen等[32]治以平补肝肾、清利湿热的乙肝肾合剂,能有效控制蛋白尿、改善肝功能及免疫功能。

目前临床更推荐中西医结合治疗,即在西医抗病毒治疗基础上,配合中医辨证论治,减轻了应用免疫抑制剂产生的不良反应。对4项总病例数分别为60、56、80、80例的临床对照试验研究,分别进行为期0.5、1.5、2年的疗效观察,发现中西医结合治疗对于血清肌酐、尿蛋白降低及血清HBeAg转阴均高于西医组(单纯抗病毒治疗),总有效率分别为93.33%、89.3%、97.5%[23, 33-34]。提示中西医结合治疗HBV-GN疗效确切,值得在临床推广和应用。

6 小结

中国慢性HBV感染人群庞大,HBV-GN发生率高。干扰素及核苷(酸)药物抗病毒治疗为HBV-GN治疗基础。病情严重时可考虑联合使用糖皮质激素,但其需在HBV复制指标阴性时应用,若不耐受激素可使用其他免疫抑制剂替代治疗。中西医联合治疗即在抗病毒治疗基础上,配合中医扶正固本思想辨证论治,临床疗效较好。HBV-GN相关治疗目前仍处于摸索阶段,还需要更合理科学的大规模临床对照研究来探讨相关治疗的有效性、安全性。

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Research progress about HBV-associated glomerulonephritis based on Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine
ZHANG Yan1,2 , YANG Dingwei1     
1. Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, China;
2. Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
Abstract: HBV-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN) is caused by infected with HBV immune complex glomerular disease. This patient population presents complicated conditions and a poor prognosis. So early diagnosis and effective treatment methods have important clinical significance. This paper reviews the western Medicine and traditional Chinese medicine treatment research progress of the HBV-GN, so as to provide the basis for clinical treatment.
Key words: hepatitis B virus    nephrotic syndrome    antiviral therapy    immunosuppressants    traditional Chinese medicine    drug treatment