天津中医药  2021, Vol. 38 Issue (10): 1263-1267

文章信息

吕从改, 张瑾, 孙明宇
LYU Conggai, ZHANG Jin, SUN Mingyu
疏风益气汤联合沙美特罗替卡松治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘疗效研究及对肺功能、气道炎症反应及复发率的影响
Research on clinical efficacy of Shufeng Yiqi Decoction combined with salmeterol fluticasone on lung function, airway inflammation and cough variant asthma and influence on recurrence rate
天津中医药, 2021, 38(10): 1263-1267
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021, 38(10): 1263-1267
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2021.10.09

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-04-25
疏风益气汤联合沙美特罗替卡松治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘疗效研究及对肺功能、气道炎症反应及复发率的影响
吕从改1 , 张瑾2 , 孙明宇3     
1. 石家庄市第二医院综合内科, 石家庄 050000;
2. 石家庄市第二医院呼吸科, 石家庄 050000;
3. 石家庄市第二医院心内科, 石家庄 050000
摘要:[目的] 探讨中药疏风益气汤联合沙美特罗替卡松治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)的临床疗效和对患者肺功能、气道炎症反应及复发率的影响。[方法] 选择石家庄市第二医院2018年3月—2020年3月收治的CVA患者120例,按照随机数字表法将120例患者分为两组,每组60例。对照组予以沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂,每次1揿,每日2次;观察组在对照组基础上予以中药疏风益气汤口服,两组疗程均为8周。比较两组治疗前后咳嗽评分、中医证候(次证)评分、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气流量(PEF)、FEV1占用力肺活量的百分比(FEV1/FVC);并比较两组气道炎症指标:包括外周血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(BER)、血清白细胞介素-5(IL-5)、嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)水平和痰液黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)含量;比较两组临床疗效和复发率。[结果] 治疗后观察组咳嗽频率、咳嗽程度评分均低于对照组(P < 0.01);咳痰、乏力、气短、自汗评分均低于对照组(P < 0.01);FEV1、PEF、FEV1/FVC均高于对照组(P < 0.01);BER、IL-5、ECP、MUC5AC均低于对照组(P < 0.01);临床疗效优于对照组(P < 0.05),治疗后6个月复发率低于对照组(P < 0.05),差异均有统计学意义。[结论] 疏风益气汤联合沙美特罗替卡可有效缓解症状,改善肺功能,抑制气道炎症反应,降低复发率,治疗CVA效果显著。
关键词咳嗽变异性哮喘    中药    疏风益气汤    沙美特罗替卡松    

咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)是支气管哮喘的一种特殊类型,以慢性干性咳嗽为主要临床表现,且反复发作,病情迁延难愈,严重影响患者的生活质量和身体健康[1-2]。尽管CVA患者无喘息、气促等临床表现,但存在着气道高反应性,因此本病也被称为典型哮喘前期或隐匿性哮喘[3]。目前CVA的治疗尚未形成统一的方案,西医主要以控制气道炎症、降低气道高反应性,缓解支气管痉挛等,沙美特罗替卡松具有抗炎、逆转气道高反应性、解除支气管痉挛等作用,是临床推荐的CVA治疗药物之一,该药长期应用存在着一定的毒副作用,停药后容易复发[4]。且西药治疗疾病往往只针对某一种发病机制发挥治疗作用,难以全面改善CVA临床症状[5]。中医学认为CVA属“风咳”“咳嗽”“哮证”等范畴,气虚风动、肺胃气逆为本病主要病机[6],治以疏风益气为主。本研究应用自拟中药疏风益气汤联合沙美特罗替卡松治疗CAV患者60例,并与应用沙美特罗替卡松的对照组比较,以期提高CVA的治疗效果。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

本研究获得医院伦理批准(批件编号:18-LSC-0219),选择本院2018年3月—2020年3月收治的CVA患者120例,病例纳入标准:1)符合《咳嗽的诊断与治疗指南(2015)》[7]中CVA的诊断标准。2)符合气虚风动、肺胃气逆的中医辨证标准[8]。3)年龄 > 18岁且 < 70岁。4)入组前4周内未接受支气管扩张剂、激素等药物治疗。5)具有强烈的治疗愿望,并自愿参加本研究,与课题组签署协议书。排除标准:1)肺炎、肺结核、慢性支气管炎、支气管扩张等其他原因所致的慢性咳嗽。2)已诊断为支气管哮喘。3)合并血液病、恶性肿瘤及心肝肾等脏器严重疾病。4)精神类疾病未有效控制。5)对本研究所应用药物过敏。6)妊娠或哺乳期女性。7)拒绝接受中药汤剂治疗。按照随机数字表法将120例患者分为两组,每组60例。观察组男37例,女23例,年龄21~59岁,平均(43.52±10.19)岁;体重指数18.40~26.89 kg/m2,平均(22.32±2.06)kg/m2;病程4~38个月,平均(18.24±5.11)个月。对照组男34例,女26例,年龄19~63岁,平均(44.36±10.52)岁;体重指数18.27~27.13 kg/m2,平均(22.45±2.11)kg/m2;病程5~40个月,平均(19.04±4.87)个月。两组上述基线资料均衡(P > 0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 治疗方法

对照组予以沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂(每瓶含丙酸氟替卡松250 μg、沙美特罗50 μg,Glaxo Operations UK Limited生产,批准文号:H20090242),每次1揿,每日2次,连续治疗8周。观察组在对照组治疗基础上予以中药疏风益气汤口服,该组方由以下中药组成:黄芪30 g,白术、旋覆花各15 g,柴胡、百部、蝉蜕、枇杷叶、苦杏仁、蜂房、僵蚕、厚朴、代赭石、枳壳、黄芩、麻黄各10 g,桔梗3 g。上述中药饮片购自本院中药房,并由中药房制备口服煎剂,每剂煎2次,共煎取药液400 mL,分2袋真空包装。每日服用1剂,早晚各1袋加热后温服,连续服用8周。两组治疗期间如合并细菌感染,则予以抗生素治疗,并根据具体情况给予营养支持。

1.3 观察指标 1.3.1 中医证候评分

比较两组治疗前后中医证候评分,主证为咳嗽[8],评分标准见表 1。次症共包括咳痰、乏力、气短、自汗4项[8],评分标准见表 2

表 1 咳嗽评分标准 Tab. 1 Cough score standards
表 2 中医证候(次证)评分表 Tab. 2 TCM syndrome (secondary syndrome) scoretable
1.3.2 肺功能检测

治疗前及治疗8周后应用Master-Screen IOS型肺功能检测仪(德国Jaeger公司生产)对两组进行肺功能检测,重点记录第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气流量(PEF)、FEV1占用力肺活量的百分比(FEV1/FVC)。

1.3.3 气道炎症指标

治疗前及治疗8周后采集两组清晨空腹静脉血5 mL,以1 500 r/min的速度离心10 min(离心半径为8 cm),分离血清,应用贝克曼库尔特LH750型全自动血细胞分析仪检测外周血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比(BER),酶联免疫法测定血清白细胞介素-5(IL-5)、嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)水平;采集患者清晨用力深咳出的痰液,高渗盐水稀释、离心后分离上清液,酶联免疫法测定痰液黏蛋白5AC(MUC5AC)水平,酶联免疫试剂盒均购自瑞士Pharmacia & Upjohn公司。

1.3.4 疗效评价

根据《中药新药临床研究指导原则》制定疗效评价标准:临床痊愈,咳嗽症状消失,中医证候评分(包括咳嗽评分和表 2的次证评分)减少≥95%;显效,咳嗽明显缓解,中医证候评分减少≥70%且 < 95%;有效,咳嗽减轻,中医证候评分减少≥30%且 < 70%;无效,咳嗽无减轻或加重,中医证候评分减少 < 30%或增加。

1.3.5 复发情况比较

治疗后对临床痊愈和显效患者进行6个月随访观察,患者出现以下情况之一则判断为复发:1)出现咳嗽症状,需应用糖皮质激素治疗。2)咳嗽评分于7 d内增加30%。3)48 h内应用β2肾上腺素受体激动剂 > 10次。比较两组6个月复发率。复发率=[复发例数/(临床痊愈例数+显效例数)]×100%。

1.4 统计学方法

应用SPSS 23.0软件分析统计数据,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组内前后比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,计数资料以例数和百分率表示,组间临床疗效比较应用秩和检验,组间复发率比较应用χ2检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 两组咳嗽评分比较

治疗前两组咳嗽频率、咳嗽程度评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。治疗后观察组咳嗽频率、咳嗽程度评分均低于对照组,两组上述评分均低于同组治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表 3

表 3 两组患者治疗前后咳嗽评分比较(x±s) Tab. 3 Comparison of cough scores of patients between two groups before and after treatment(x±s)
2.2 两组中医证候(次证)评分比较

治疗前两组咳痰、乏力、气短、自汗评分差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。治疗后观察组上述评分均低于对照组,两组均低于同组治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表 4

表 4 两组患者治疗前后中医证候(次证)评分比较(x±s) Tab. 4 Comparison of scores of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes (secondary syndromes) of patients between two groups before and after treatment(x±s)
2.3 两组肺功能指标比较

治疗前两组FEV1、PEF、FEV1/FVC差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。治疗后两组肺功能指标均显著改善,观察组FEV1、PEF、FEV1/FVC均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表 5

表 5 两组患者治疗前后FEV1、PEF、FEV1/FVC比较(x±s) Tab. 5 Comparison of FEV1, PEF, FEV1/FVC of patients between two groups before and after treatment(x±s)
2.4 两组气道炎症指标比较

治疗前两组BER、IL-5、ECP、MUC5AC比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),治疗后观察组上述指标均低于对照组,两组均低于本组治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.01),见表 6

表 6 两组患者治疗前后BER、IL-5、ECP、MUC5AC比较(x±s) Tab. 6 Comparison of BER, IL-5, ECP, MUC5AC of patients between two groups before and after treatmen(x±s)
2.5 两组临床疗效及复发率比较

经过8周的治疗,观察组疗效优于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表 7。两组均获得6个月的随访,随访期间观察组有12例复发,复发率为23.08%(12/52),对照组有18例复发,复发率为45.00%(18/40),观察组复发率低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

表 7 两组患者临床疗效比较 Tab. 7 Comparison of clinical efficacy of patients between two groups
3 讨论

CVA是一种以咳嗽为唯一或主要临床表现的呼吸系统慢性疾病,也是一种特殊类型的支气管哮喘,糖皮质激素、支气管扩张剂、抗组胺药物等西药可缓解病情,但用药剂量、疗程、药物不良反应等诸多问题尚需更多的前瞻性研究去验证,停药后的高复发率也是亟待解决的问题。

中医理论根据CVA的临床表现特点,将其纳入“风咳”“喘证”“哮证”等范畴,认为外感风邪是本病发生的重要原因,“风邪之为病,善行而数变”,本病也具有突然发作、骤然而止、陈发性发病的临床特点。《素问·咳论》中认为咳嗽的发生与胃脏和肺脏关系密切。肺脏和胃脏均喜润恶燥,经络相互联属,气机共同升降,病理也互相影响其中一个脏腑气机异常,必定影响另一脏腑的气机运行[9]。风咳病程漫长,迁延不愈,久咳致肺气极虚,另“邪之所凑,其气必虚”,风咳患者多存在正气不足之证,针对上述中医病机,在风咳的治疗中应注重益气疏风,兼顾肺胃通调。

疏风益气汤是本科总结的经验方,在咳嗽的长期治疗中,发现本方在改善咳嗽症状、提高肺功能指标方面具有较好的疗效。本方由黄芪、白术、柴胡、桔梗等16味中药组成,其中黄芪、白术可健脾益肺,蜂房、蝉蜕、僵蚕等虫类药可疏风解痉止咳,柴胡可疏肝理气,和解表里,黄芩可清热泻火解毒,枇杷叶、百部、苦杏仁、麻黄具有宣肺止咳功效,旋覆花、代赭石可理气和胃降逆,配伍厚朴以增强和胃降逆之功效;桔梗宣肺祛痰,枳壳可行气宽胸,两药配伍,一升一降,可调畅胸中滞气。本研究发现治疗后观察组咳嗽程度、频率评分、中医证候(次证)评分均低于对照组,肺功能指标、临床疗效也优于对照组,治疗后6个月复发率低于对照组,表明疏风益气汤联合沙美特罗替卡可有效缓解咳嗽症状和中医证候,改善肺功能,降低复发率,使更多的CVA患者获益。

CVA发病机制复杂,但嗜酸性粒细胞相关气道炎症在本病的发生和病情进展中均发挥了重要作用[10]。与支气管哮喘患者相似,CVA患者的痰液、肺泡灌洗液和外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞会显著增加,且痰液中嗜酸性粒细胞含量增加,其发展为典型支气管哮喘的概率会升高[11]。ECP是一种强碱性蛋白,主要由嗜酸性粒细胞分泌,在过敏性鼻炎、支气管哮喘等气管变异性疾病中,ECP的血液含量与气道炎症程度呈正相关[12],并可作为儿童支气管哮喘病情变化和疗效评估的重要指标[13]。IL-5是一种对嗜酸性粒细胞增殖、分化具有调节作用的细胞因子,可诱导气道炎症和支气管哮喘的发生[14]。另外,作为一种慢性气道炎症性疾病,痰黏液蛋白分泌增多是CVA重要特征之一,而MUC5AC痰液中存在的主要的黏液蛋白,有研究表明,CVA患者痰液中包括MUC5AC在内的黏液蛋白分泌增多,且黏液蛋白含量与哮喘的严重程度呈相关[15]。本研究发现治疗后观察组BER、IL-5、ECP、MUC5AC均低于对照组,表明疏风益气汤联合沙美特罗替卡松可有效抑制气道炎症反应,降低气道高反应性,这可能与组方中黄芩、麻黄等药物的有效成分可减轻呼吸道炎症反应和氧化应激反应有关[16-17],这也可能是联合治疗方案提高疗效、降低复发率的重要机制。

综上所述,疏风益气汤联合沙美特罗替卡可有效缓解症状,改善肺功能,抑制气道炎症反应,降低复发率,治疗CVA效果显著。但具体治疗机制和作用靶点有待于进一步探讨。

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Research on clinical efficacy of Shufeng Yiqi Decoction combined with salmeterol fluticasone on lung function, airway inflammation and cough variant asthma and influence on recurrence rate
LYU Conggai1 , ZHANG Jin2 , SUN Mingyu3     
1. Department of General Intenal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050000, China;
2. Department of Respiratory, The Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050000, China;
3. Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
Abstract: [Objective] To investigate the clinical efficacy of Shufeng Yiqi Decoction combined with salmeterol fluticasone in the treatment of cough variant asthma(CVA) and its influence on lung function, airway inflammation and recurrence rate. [Methods] The 120 patients with CVA in our hospital from March, 2018 to March, 2020 were selected and randomly divided into two groups, with 60 cases in each group. The control group were given salmeterol fluticasone powder inhalation, once press each time, twice a day. The observation group were given Shufeng Yiqi Decoction on the basis of the treatment of the control group, and the course of treatment of both groups was for 8 weeks. The cough score, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome score, forced expiratory volume on first second(FEV1), Maximum expiratory flow(PEF), and percentage of forced vital capacity(FEV1/FVC) were compared betweentwo groups before and after treatment, and the airway inflammation indexes including peripheral blood eosinophil percentage(BER), serum interleukin-5(IL-5), eosinophil cationic protein were compared betweentwo groups. The ECP level and MUC5AC content in sputum were compared betweentwo groups. The clinical efficiency and recurrence rate were compared betweentwo groups. [Results] After treatment, the scores of cough frequency and cough degree of the observation group were lower than those of the control group(P < 0.01). The scores of expectoration, fatigue, shortness of breath and spontaneous sweating of the observation group were lower than those of the control group(P < 0.01). FEV1, PEF, FEV1/FVC of the observation group were higher than those of the control group(P < 0.01). BER, IL-5, ECP, MUC5AC of the observation group were lower than those of the control group(P < 0.05), and the recurrence rate in 6 months after treatment was lower than that of the control group(P < 0.05). The difference was statistically significant. [Conclusion] Shufeng Yiqi Decoction combined with salmeterol fluticasone can effectively relieve symptoms, improve lung function, inhibit airway inflammation, reduce recurrence rate, and it has a significant effect in the treatment of CVA.
Key words: cough variant asthma    Chinese medicine    Shufeng Yiqi Decoction    salmeterol fluticasone