天津中医药  2021, Vol. 38 Issue (10): 1273-1277

文章信息

于庆洋, 王俊宏, 邓家琳, 吴静静
YU Qingyang, WANG Junhong, DENG Jialin, WU Jingjing
静宁方治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的疗效评价及对胃肠功能的影响
Effect of Jingning Prescription on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in children itsinfluence on gastrointestinal function
天津中医药, 2021, 38(10): 1273-1277
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021, 38(10): 1273-1277
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2021.10.11

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-06-02
静宁方治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的疗效评价及对胃肠功能的影响
于庆洋1 , 王俊宏2 , 邓家琳1 , 吴静静1     
1. 北京中医药大学, 北京 100029;
2. 北京中医药大学东直门医院儿科, 北京 100700
摘要:[目的] 探究静宁方治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的疗效及对胃肠功能,即胃肠道症状和血清胃动素、胃泌素水平的影响。[方法] 收集30例ADHD患儿作为ADHD组;同时期纳入25例相同年龄段健康儿童作为空白对照组。比较两组儿童的一般资料,采用SNAP-Ⅳ和Conners儿童行为量表(父母)对ADHD组患儿分别于治疗前后进行注意力、多动冲动行为以及品行问题、学习问题、身心障碍、冲动多动、焦虑和多动指数评分;采用胃肠疾病中医症状评分表对ADHD组治疗前后以及空白对照组进行胃肠道症状评分;采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别检测ADHD组治疗前后以及空白对照组胃动素、胃泌素水平。[结果] 两组儿童性别、年龄等一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ADHD组经静宁方治疗后SNAP-Ⅳ、Conner儿童行为量表(父母)各项积分改善明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ADHD组治疗前胃肠疾病中医症状评分表积分明显高于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经治疗后,积分下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ADHD组治疗前血清胃动素水平低于空白对照组;经静宁方治疗后血清胃动素水平显著提高,两组数据差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ADHD组治疗前血清胃泌素水平高于空白对照组;经治疗后血清胃泌素水平降低显著,两组数据比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论] 静宁方可以明显改善ADHD患儿SNAP-Ⅳ量表、Conners儿童行为量表(父母)积分和胃肠道症状,对ADHD患儿血清胃动素、胃泌素水平有明显的调节作用,疗效确切。
关键词注意缺陷多动障碍    静宁方    胃肠功能    胃动素    胃泌素    

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是儿童时期常见的一种精神行为疾病,多动、冲动、注意力不集中是其核心症状。部分患儿可见共患学习障碍、对立违抗障碍、情绪障碍以及适应障碍等,是一种影响终生的慢性疾病[1]。该病的发病机制尚不明确,既往研究多围绕神经递质学说[2]展开,也有学者认为ADHD是以遗传因素[3]为主要病因的疾病,同时也受到环境因素[4]影响。脑肠肽是脑-肠轴中的神经-内分泌系统产生的神经递质或神经调质,作为中枢神经系统、肠神经系统、自主神经系统与胃肠道效应细胞之间进行信息传递的载体[5],已有研究表明脑肠肽与包括神经精神疾病在内的多个系统的疾病相关[6-7]

胃动素是由肠嗜铬细胞亚群Mo细胞分泌的一种单链脑肠肽,由22个氨基酸组成,其受体在胃肠道及中枢神经系统均有表达。胃泌素是一种由胃窦G细胞分泌的胃肠道激素,具有刺激胃酸分泌、促进胃肠道细胞增殖和分化等生理功能。有关以上两种脑肠肽与神经精神疾病的相关性的研究较少,但有研究表明其他脑肠肽以及胃肠道功能与ADHD或其他神经系统疾病存在关联,本研究立足于肠脑轴和脑肠肽理论,探讨胃动素、胃泌素在ADHD患儿与健康儿童血清水平的差异,以及静宁方对其的调节作用和对胃肠道症状的改善情况。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

纳入2018年8月—2019年11月期间就诊于北京中医药大学东直门医院儿科门诊的ADHD患儿30例作为ADHD组(n=30),同时期纳入25例健康儿童作为空白对照组(n=25)。其中,ADHD组患儿男26例,女4例,年龄(8.7±2.0)岁,空白对照组男17例,女8例,年龄(8.7±1.4)岁。两组一般资料比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表 1

表 1 两组受试儿童年龄、性别比较(x±s Tab. 1 Comparison of age and gender of children between two groups (x±s)
1.2 诊断标准

参照采用美国精神病学会《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》(DSM-V)中ADHD诊断标准以及2017年版《中医儿科常见病诊疗指南·注意力缺陷多动障碍》中诊断标准对ADHD患儿进行诊断。

1.3 纳入标准

1)同时符合上述西医和中医关于儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的诊断标准。2)年龄在6~14岁之间。3)近2周内未服用过任何精神活性药物如哌甲酯、托莫西汀、静灵口服液、小儿黄龙颗粒、苯异妥因、苯丙胺、匹莫林、丙咪嗪等。4)签署知情同意,志愿受试。

1.4 排除标准

1)合并有心血管、肝、肾、造血系统或神经系统以及消化系统等其他严重器质性疾病,如:慢性肾炎、肝炎、先天性心脏病、小儿舞蹈症、亚急性脑炎等。2)因视听障碍、智力因素等其他原因导致类似儿童注意缺陷多动障碍表现者。3)其他类似儿童注意缺陷多动障碍表现的疾病,如脆性X综合征、苯丙酮尿症等。4)合并情感障碍、Tourette综合征、精神分裂等其他疾病者。5)同时期参加其他医学临床试验者。

1.5 剔除标准

1)纳入后未服药或未按要求服药者。2)未规律复诊或失访者。3)试验过程合并其他影响本研究结果的疾病或服用其他可能影响研究结果的药物者。

1.6 治疗方法

ADHD组用药:静宁方中药配方颗粒,由太子参、熟地黄、枸杞子、五味子、远志、石菖蒲、茯苓等药味组成,北京康仁堂药业有限公司提供。

服用方法:6~9岁,每次5 g,早、晚饭前各服1次;10~14岁,每次10 g,早、晚饭前各服1次。连续服用8周。

1.7 观察指标 1.7.1 量表标准

采用SNAP-Ⅳ量表对ADHD组治疗前后进行注意力和多动冲动行为评分作为主要疗效指标;采用Conners儿童行为量表(父母)分别于治疗前后对ADHD组患儿进行品行、学习、身心、冲动多、焦虑以及多动指数评分作为次要疗效指标。参照胃肠疾病中医症状评分表[8]对ADHD组治疗前后以及空白对照组进行胃肠道症状评分。

1.7.2 血清胃动素、胃泌素水平检测

空白对照组以及ADHD组治疗前后分别抽取5 mL肘部静脉血,转速3 000 r/min,离心10 min(离心半径=20 cm),取上清液,存放于北京中医药大学东直门医院中医内科学教育部重点实验室临床生物样本库。所有ADHD治疗组患儿服药观察周期结束后,统一采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清胃动素、胃泌素水平。

1.8 安全性指标监测

ADHD组于治疗前后分别完成血常规、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、心电图等安全性指标检测。

1.9 统计学方法

采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料值以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组内治疗前后比较采用配对t检验;组间比较采用两独立样本t检验。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 SNAP-Ⅳ量表积分比较

ADHD组SNAP-Ⅳ量表注意力及多动冲动行为评分经静宁方治疗均较治疗前下降(P < 0.01),差异有统计学意义。见表 2

表 2 ADHD组患儿SNAP-Ⅳ量表评分比较(x±s Tab. 2 Comparison of SNAP-Ⅳ scale scores of children in ADHD group(x±s)
2.2 Conners儿童行为量表(父母)积分比较

ADHD组患儿Conners儿童行为量表(父母)品行问题、学习问题、身心障碍、冲动多动、焦虑以及多动指数等各项积分经治疗后均较治疗前降低明显(P < 0.01),差异有统计学意义。见表 3

表 3 ADHD组Conners儿童行为量表(父母)积分比较(x±s Tab. 3 Comparison of Conners Child Behavior Scale (parents) score of children in ADHD group (x±s)
2.3 胃肠疾病中医评分量表积分比较

ADHD组胃肠疾病中医评分量表积分治疗前明显高于空白对照组(P < 0.01),差异有统计学意义;ADHD组积分经治疗后较治疗前明显降低(P < 0.01),差异有统计学意义。见表 4

表 4 两组受试儿童胃肠疾病中医评分量表积分比较(x±s Tab. 4 Comparison of scores of TCM Symptom Scale for gastrointestinal diseases of children between two group (x±s)
2.4 血清胃动素和胃泌素水平比较

ADHD组患儿接受治疗前血清胃动素水平低于空白对照组;接受治疗后血清胃动素水平显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ADHD组患儿治疗前血清胃泌素水平高于空白对照组;治疗后血清胃动素水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 5

表 5 两组受试儿童血清胃动素、胃泌素水平比较(x±s Tab. 5 Comparison of serum MTL, GAS levels of children between two group (x±s)
2.5 安全性指标评价

ADHD组患儿在接受静宁方治疗前后无严重不良反应发生,血常规、尿常规、肝功能、肾功能、心电图等安全性指标监测均未发现异常。

3 讨论 3.1 静宁方疗效分析及对胃肠道症状的改善作用

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍又称多动症,属于中医学“脏躁”“健忘”“失聪”等疾病的范畴,其病因病机及辨证论治尚无统一认识,《中医儿科临床诊疗指南·儿童多动症》[9]将其归纳为心肝火旺、痰火内扰、肝肾阴虚、心脾两虚、脾虚肝亢等5个证型。小儿为稚阴稚阳之体,先天具有“三有余,四不足”的生理特点,即“肝常有余,脾常不足;肾常虚;心常有余,肺常不足”,“阳常有余,阴常不足”,加之后天调护不善或饮食失宜、情志不遂等,五脏气血阴阳失和以致五神不能藏纳[10],王俊宏教授根据其多年诊治ADHD的临床经验,结合临床证候分析,认为脾气虚、肾气虚、心阴虚、肝阴虚等以上两证或多证并见[11]。五脏中以脾、肾与其发病的关系最为密切,肾为先天之本,主水,文献研究发现肾与脑无论在结构联系还是物质基础、功能属性上均有密切的关系[12]。脾藏意,为后天之本,气血生化之源,李东垣有“内伤脾胃,百病由生”之语。马祥雪等[13]综合古籍文献以及现代临床研究发现现脑肠互动、脑肠肽与“脾主运化”也存在广泛而深刻的联系。

故本病的核心病机在于先天不足,后天失养引起的气阴两虚,气虚不能摄神、阴弱不能涵阳,故见神思涣散、多动冲动等症,临床可兼见厌食、挑食或大便秘结等胃肠道症状。故以益气养阴立法,静宁方由太子参、熟地黄、枸杞子、五味子、远志、石菖蒲、茯苓等药味组成,太子参味甘性平,健脾益气,养阴生津,为诸参中清补之品,熟地黄甘苦性温,滋肾养阴,填补先天,两者共为君药;枸杞子气寒味苦,补益肝肾,五味子为“生津之要药,收敛之妙剂”,可以益精敛神,以上共为臣药;远志安神定志、石菖蒲醒神开窍、茯苓健脾宁神,3者共为佐使。诸药合用,益气养阴,健脾益肾,安养五脏,调和阴阳,可有效缓解ADHD患儿注意力不集中、多动、冲动等核心症状,改善SNAP-IV及Conners儿童行为量表(父母)各项积分,同时对胃肠道症状也有较好的治疗作用。

3.2 静宁方对胃动素、胃泌素的调节作用

胃动素通过周期性释放入血的浓度变化来调节胃肠移行性运动复合波(特别是迁移运动复合体的胃期Ⅲ相),且有证据表明胃动素系统和脑-胰腺轴之间存在交叉作用,这表明胃动素不仅发挥收缩作用,而且还发挥促食欲和胰岛素分泌作用[14]。胃动素水平的升高可以有效促进胃肠运动及胃收缩,改善水和电解质在胃肠道的运输[15]。胃泌素通过结合相应受体发挥促进胃酸分泌与胃肠道黏膜增殖的作用[16]。在胃肠疾病中,胃泌素往往表现为水平的降低[15, 17]。但在神经系统相关疾病中,可能存在不同的变化趋势,陈志华等[18]研究发现小儿神经系统疾病时血清胃泌素-17明显高于头皮肿块对照组,提示血清胃泌素水平可能与小儿神经系统疾病相关。目前有尚无研究表明胃肠道功能以及胃动素、胃泌素与ADHD发病存在直接联系,但同样作为脑肠肽家族的成员,胃饥饿素已被证实其在胃黏膜含量与AD大鼠的学习记忆能力相关[19],其基因多态性与ADHD发病存在相关性[20]。且在儿童常见的其他神经精神疾病,如抽动障碍、孤独谱系障碍等相关的研究中,均表明上述疾病与食物不耐受、胃肠道功能等存在一定的关联[21-22]

本研究结果显示,ADHD组治疗前胃动素水平较空白对照组即健康儿童受试者偏低,经静宁方治疗后有明显的升高;而胃泌素水平在ADHD组(治疗前)高于健康儿童,经治疗后显著下降,这一变化趋势与上述相关研究是相符的。以上结果表明ADHD发病与胃动素分泌不足或胃泌素的分泌过多可能存在某种程度的关联。

综上可见,静宁方对ADHD患儿核心症状和胃肠道症状的改善作用较明显,且对胃动素、胃泌素具有一定的调节作用,这对中医临床治疗本病提供了新的思路。同时本研究也提示胃肠道与ADHD发病的是密切相关的,但需要进一步的研究去证实明确两者之间的因果关系。

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Effect of Jingning Prescription on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in children itsinfluence on gastrointestinal function
YU Qingyang1 , WANG Junhong2 , DENG Jialin1 , WU Jingjing1     
1. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China;
2. Pediatrics Department of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
Abstract: [Objective] To explore the therapeutic effect of Jingning Prescription on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) in children and its influence on serum MTL and GAS levels. [Methods] The 30 children with ADHD were collected as ADHD group. In the same period, 25 healthy children of the same age were included as the blank control group. The general data of the two groups of children were compared. Nolan and Pehlam version IV (SNAP-Ⅳ) Scale and Conners Child Behavior Scale (Parents) were used to score children with ADHD before and after treatment for their attention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness, conduct problems, learning problems, psychosomatic disorders, impulsive hyperactivity, anxiety, and hyperactivity index. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Symptom Scale for gastrointestinal diseases was used to score children of blank control group and ADHD group, before and after treatment, for their gastrointestinal symptoms.Detect the motilin(MTL) and gastrin(GAS) levels in serum both of blank control group and ADHD group before and after treatment. [Results] There was no significant difference in gender and age between the two groups (P>0.05). The score of TCM symptom Scale of Gastrointestinal Diseases before treatment in ADHD group was significantly higher than that in blank control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After treatment, the score decreased significantly and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The SNAP-Ⅳ Scale and Conner Child Behavior Scale (Parents) scores of ADHD group after treatment with Jingning prescription were significantly decreased, and the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.05). The serum MTL level of ADHD group was lower than that of blank control group before treatment.After treatment with Jingning Prescription, serum MTL level was significantly increased, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Before treatment, the serum GAS level of ADHD group was higher than that of blank control group.After treatment, the serum GAS level decreased significantly, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). [Conclusion] Jingning Prescription can significantly decrease Conner Child Behavior Scale (Parents) scores of ADHD children, and has an obvious regulating effect on serum MTL and GAS levels of ADHD children, with an exact therapeutic effect.
Key words: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder    Jingning Prescription    gastrointestinal function    MTL    GAS