天津中医药  2021, Vol. 38 Issue (2): 267-272

文章信息

冯路, 宋雪阳, 许朝霞, 高慧, 王忆勤
FENG Lu, SONG Xueyang, XU Zhaoxia, GAO Hui, WANG Yiqin
多囊卵巢综合征痰湿证的研究进展
Research progress on the polycystic ovary syndrome with phlegm-damp type
天津中医药, 2021, 38(2): 267-272
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021, 38(2): 267-272
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2021.02.25

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-08-10
多囊卵巢综合征痰湿证的研究进展
冯路 , 宋雪阳 , 许朝霞 , 高慧 , 王忆勤     
上海中医药大学基础医学院, 上海 201203
摘要:多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是导致生育期妇女月经紊乱、无排卵性不孕最常见的病因,为妇科常见病。其病因及中医证候分型复杂,以痰湿证最为多见。近年来,结合现代科学技术,众多学者对PCOS痰湿证的本质特征进行了深入研究,对其临床治疗方法进行了多方面的探讨。文章从PCOS痰湿证的病因、证候分布特征、临床表现、理化指标变化及辨证治疗、分期治疗、中西医结合治疗、针灸联合其他治疗等方面对其进行概述,以期分析PCOS痰湿证的临床证候特征,为其临床诊疗提供一定的科学依据。
关键词多囊卵巢综合征    痰湿证    理化指标    中医治疗    

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是以慢性无排卵、闭经或月经稀发、不孕、肥胖、多毛以及双侧卵巢呈多囊性增大为临床特征的综合症候群。其病因复杂, 发病年龄多在20~30岁, 是妇科较为常见的疾病。依据PCOS的临床表现, 该病属于中医"不孕症""月经稀少""月经后期""闭经"等范畴[1]。许多中医学者认为本病主要涉及肾、肝、脾, 主要病机有肾虚、痰湿、血瘀等, 随着生活水平的变化, 痰湿内蕴逐渐成为PCOS的直接因素, 痰湿证也成为PCOS的临床常见中医证型。文章对PCOS的中医证治研究概述如下。

1 PCOS痰湿证的临床表现及其分布规律 1.1 PCOS的病因病机

PCOS病因复杂, 近年来, 西医学从炎症因子、基因、激素传导信号、抗苗勒管激素基因的DNA甲基化、胰岛素信号缺陷和脂肪组织功能障碍、氧化应激等不同方向研究其发病机制[2-6]。中医学者多认为[7-8]PCOS的病变脏腑主要涉及肾、肝、脾3脏, 气滞、痰湿、血瘀是引起PCOS的常见原因, 脾虚、肾虚为本, 痰湿、瘀血、气滞为标, 临床表现多为本虚标实证。肾精肾气主宰着天癸的至与竭, 肾精不足, 肾气亏虚, 或过于劳倦致心阴暗耗, 伤及肾水则致肾-天癸-冲任-胞宫轴失衡, 卵泡无以发育, 经水闭止, 经年不孕。脾为后天之本, 脾虚运化无权, 痰湿内阻, 凝滞胞宫胞脉; 或肝郁情志失于条达, 更喜肥甘辛辣, 木郁侮土, 脾虚胃热, 水谷得进而不得化生精微, 聚集为水湿, 日久成痰, 痰浊瘀阻胞脉所致, 月水不得按期而下, 两精不得相汇而不孕。有学者认为PCOS是因肾-天癸-冲任轴的平衡关系失调所致, 肾虚为本病发生之本, 气滞血瘀或痰湿阻滞, 胞宫胞脉气血失和, 冲任失调是发病的关键[9-10]

1.2 PCOS痰湿证的临床表现

痰湿证PCOS多表现为形体肥胖、月经后期、量少等。不同类型痰湿证患者, 临床表现有不同: 痰湿阻滞型, 多兼见带下量多, 胸闷泛呕, 形体丰满或肥胖, 喉间多痰, 毛发浓密, 神疲肢重, 苔白腻, 脉滑或沉滑[11]; 肾虚痰湿型, 多兼见带下量多, 或带下甚少, 多毛, 腰膝酸软, 小腹或有冷感, 或口腻多痰, 舌苔白腻, 舌质淡暗, 脉细濡而滑[12]; 脾虚痰湿型, 多兼见带下量多, 婚久不孕, 多毛, 头晕胸闷, 喉间痰多, 四肢倦怠, 疲乏无力, 大便溏薄, 舌体胖大, 色淡, 苔厚腻, 脉沉滑[13]

1.3 PCOS痰湿证临床分布规律

PCOS患者中, 痰湿证占有很大比例, 痰湿流注下焦, 壅塞胞宫, 而致月经失调为其最突出特点[14]。有研究对1993-2013年内从中医角度研究PCOS的文献进行梳理, 统计明确提出中医辨证分型的文献的证候频数, 并提取病位和病性类证候要素, 结果发现PCOS最常见的证型为痰湿证, 病位主要在肾、肝、脾3脏, 病性类证候要素主要为痰湿和血瘀[15]。有学者运用计算机检索2000-2015年收录于"中国期刊全文数据库"且发表于核心期刊的相关文献, 共筛选出目标文献19篇, 涉及PCOS证型33种, 常见证为痰湿证、肾虚证[16]。有学者收集2011-2015年中国知网(CNKI)中的PCOS文献, 纳入符合条件的文献108篇, 中医证型13种, 其中常见证型依次为肾虚血瘀、痰湿阻滞、肾虚痰瘀、肾虚痰湿[17]。可见痰湿证是PCOS的常见中医证型。

2 PCOS痰湿证患者的不同指标变化

不同证型的PCOS患者, 其理化指标也不同, 痰湿证患者的超声及糖脂代谢、性激素水平等理化指标具有一定的变化, 能为临床诊治提供一定的依据。

2.1 内分泌及代谢指标的变化特征

痰湿证PCOS患者较一般女性更易出现代谢异常, 胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症是痰湿型PCOS患者代谢综合征最主要临床特征和发病机制[18]。研究发现痰湿证与稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、三酰甘油(TG)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的有明显相关性[19]; PCOS患者肾虚组、痰湿组与对照组比较, 空腹胰岛素水平(FINS)、计算HOMA-IR均有显著性差异[20]; 比较PCOS患者肾虚证、痰湿证、肝郁证和血瘀证4证的孕酮(P), 发现痰湿证P水平最低[21]

2.2 卵巢超声指标变化特征

不同证型PCOS患者超声下卵巢参数各有其特征性, 其中痰湿型最有特点。有研究[22]对痰湿阻滞型与气滞血瘀型、肾虚肝郁型的PCOS患者进行比较, 在卵巢超声形态学与血液流变学指标上存在差异, 其中痰湿阻滞型具有更大的卵巢体积和更多的卵泡数目。有研究[23]选取198例PCOS患者(其中痰湿阻滞型71例、气滞血瘀型66例及肾虚肝郁型61例), 采用四维彩超诊断仪于月经第3~5天检查患者卵巢体积、卵泡数目以及卵巢髓质面积, 发现痰湿阻滞型患者卵巢体积及卵泡数目均高于气滞血瘀型、肾虚肝郁型。

2.3 其他指标

有研究[24]发现痰湿阻滞型PCOS患者的身体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、腰身比(WHP)等人体测量学指标和空腹葡萄糖(FPG)、FINS、HOMA-IR水平明显高于肝经湿热型患者, 黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)水平明显低于肝经湿热型患者。另有研究[25]发现肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平和具有痰湿证候疾病的相关性, 体内TNF-α水平的升高可能是PCOS等疾病"痰湿证"的物质基础。

3 痰湿型PCOS的中医治疗 3.1 辨证分型治疗

痰湿型PCOS病因复杂、临床表现多样性, 灵活运用中药加减, 能更准确、有效的治疗本病。李祥云教授[26]治疗痰湿型PCOS以苍附导痰汤加减, 根据辨证论治灵活运用化痰祛湿对药(石菖蒲与青礞石、泽兰与泽泻、白术与苍术、藿香与佩兰、半夏与竹茹、附子与桂枝), 并兼顾月经周期以微调用药。史梅莹等[10]治疗PCOS从而以补肾阳为主, 兼化痰祛湿为治法。刘喜明教授[14]治疗此病以补肾阳为主, 兼化痰祛湿为治法, 以阳和汤治疗PCOS患者, 辨证加减: 虚损较甚者, 增加熟地黄、鹿角胶的剂量比例; 寒象较著者, 增加肉桂、姜炭之药量; 痰饮为甚者, 增加麻黄、白芥子的药量; 兼脾虚湿重者, 加白术、茯苓; 兼肝郁者, 加柴胡、当归等。黄凯歌[27]治疗痰湿阻滞型PCOS采用启宫丸加减, 比西药治疗总有效率更显著, 尤其是在月经周期的恢复及妊娠治疗方面。王昕教授[28]巧用分消走泄之法宣通三焦气机, 以达化疾利湿之功, 临床收效显著, 方用抑囊助孕汤, 药用苍术、法半夏、陈皮、厚朴、枳壳、胆南星、香附、桃仁、益母草、茺蔚子等。傅萍教授[29]自拟化湿调冲方治疗痰湿型PCOS, 药用陈胆南星、制半夏、石菖蒲、当归、菟丝子、紫石英、紫河车、仙灵脾等。

3.2 根据不同年龄阶段及月经周期进行治疗

根据患者的年龄阶段月经周期的不同, 对PCOS患者采取分期治疗。

根据年龄阶段选择不同的治法。不同年龄阶段的PCOS患者对于治疗要求也不一样, 大致分为青春期女性, 以调经为主; 育龄女性, 以生育要求为主。魏绍斌教授[30]治疗青春期以益肾健脾为切入点, 调理先后天之本, 佐以理气化痰等标本同治; 结合育龄期女性生殖生理特点, 首要病机当属肝郁血瘀, 次以肾虚痰湿, 治疗上从促排卵、疏肝调经助孕, 培补脾肾化痰除湿入手, 标本兼顾、内外合治。

根据月经周期选择不同的治疗方法。胡晓华教授[31]以苍术导痰汤为基本方, 根据不同月经周期加减, 经后期去消瘤丸、海藻咸寒之品, 加用熟地黄、山药、何首乌以滋肾阴, 养精血; 经间期即"氤氲期", 加用丹参、泽兰等药以理气活血; 经前期加续断、紫石英、淫羊藿等调补肾阴肾阳; 月经期因势利导, 活血调经, 酌加桃仁、红花、益母草等。王春霞教授[32]认为痰湿型PCOS临床治疗以健脾、祛湿、豁痰、活血化瘀为主, 非月经期以苍附导痰汤合佛手散为主, 月经期因势利导, 活血化瘀, 以少腹逐瘀汤为主, 并应根据患者的具体临床表现, 辨证加以药物, 如失眠加远志、夜交藤、莲子心等, 大便溏加白术、山药等。

3.3 中西结合治疗

研究和临床经验发现, 在服用西药的同时联合中药辨证治疗痰湿型PCOS, 效果更显著。王萍等[33]运用化痰调经方联合达英-35治疗痰湿阻滞型PCOS, 可显著改善患者的临床症状, 调节血清性激素水平, 减少平均基础卵巢体积及卵巢窦卵泡数(AFC)及平均卵巢体积, 并能使疗效更加稳定。曾文[34]采用苍附导痰汤辅助西药治疗痰湿阻滞型PCOS, 发现其能有效缓解临床症状体征, 提高自发排卵和妊娠率, 增加子宫内膜厚度, 改善激素和胰岛素抵抗(IR)指标水平, 并有助于调节血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)、β-内啡肽(β-EP)及瘦素(LP)水平。文晓荣等[35]运用调经化痰方辅助西药治疗痰湿阻滞型PCOS, 发现其能有效缓解临床症状体征, 提高自发排卵和妊娠率, 增加子宫内膜厚度, 调节激素、IR指标水平及FFA、β-EP、LP水平。高洁等[36]在常规西药治疗基础上, 采用丹溪治湿痰方联合黄连素治疗PCOS不孕症痰湿阻滞证, 发现能缩小卵巢体积, 同时增加子宫内膜厚度, 提高临床妊娠率。赵素蕊等[37]治疗PCOS患者选用克罗米芬联合燥湿化痰补肾活血方, 发现与单纯使用克罗米芬治疗相比, 效果更显著。

3.4 针灸联合其他治疗

近年来, 针灸在PCOS治疗中的应用越来越广泛, 其操作方便、疗效显著, 因此被广泛应用于本病妇女诱导排卵治疗中, 同时配合中药、温灸、雷火灸、头针等, 能改善本病的排卵障碍及其他伴随症状。杨娟等[38]针灸配合中药并分期治疗痰湿型PCOS患者, 在服用来曲唑和二甲双胍基础上予以针灸配合中药治疗, 主穴取关元、气海及双侧子宫、卵巢、丰隆、阴陵泉、足三里、三阴交; 卵泡期配合大赫穴, 并于关元和气海穴行温针灸; 排卵期配合中极、血海穴, 并于气海和中极穴、血海和阴陵泉穴接两组电针; 黄体期取以上主穴, 并艾灸关元和气海穴, 月经期间停止治疗; 中药以补肾养血、健脾化痰为主, 治疗明显改善痰湿型PCOS患者的内分泌和IR情况, 同时能显著提高患者的妊娠率。帅奕[39]采取补肾化痰中药(苍术、香附、胆南星、枳壳、半夏、陈皮、茯苓、甘草、川芎、当归、菟丝子、山药、杜仲、枸杞子、泽兰)联合针灸(关元、气海和子宫、三阴交)为主穴治疗痰湿型PCOS, 排卵率、妊娠率等明显高于单纯服用西药治疗的对照组。虞莉青等[40]采用针刺加温灸盒灸法治疗痰湿型PCOS, 两组均治疗3个月经周期, 随访3个月, 观察临床疗效明显优于单纯针刺治疗。李修阳等[41]运用启宫丸加味结合针灸治疗痰湿型PCOS, 疗效优于单纯中药。段芳燕等[42]采用雷火灸结合针刺治疗痰湿型PCOS, 取得了较好的效果。王威岩等[43]采用头穴电针联合体针治疗痰湿型PCOS治疗效果显著, 优于单纯使用体穴治疗该病该病。周振坤等[44]研究发现头穴电针联合体针能有效降低痰湿型PCOS患者的卵巢动脉血流灌注指数(PI)及颈动脉收缩期最大流速(PSV), 提高阻力指数(RI), 改善卵巢血流灌注, 有利于月经周期的恢复。

3.5 其他治疗

除了选择中药、针灸治疗外, 还有其他治疗方法如: 有氧运动联合中药治疗、腹针结合西药、中药结合热敷、穴位埋线结合穴位贴敷等, 也取得了很好的临床效果。

卢如玲等[45]采用有氧运动联合加减苍附导痰汤治疗痰湿型, 多项中医证候积分和总积分及月经周期、BMI与单纯服用中药组相比, 均有改善。顿巨燕等[46]运用腹针联合二甲双胍对痰湿阻滞型青春期PCOS可以显著降低PCOS患者的LH, LH/FSH水平、降低T、降低BMI及WHR水平、降低空腹血糖空腹胰岛素水平, 降低胰岛素抵抗指数, 进而改善胰岛素抵抗, 疗效明显优于单纯使用二甲双胍组。

4 小结与展望

无论中医还是西医, 都认为PCOS是一种病因和临床表现均呈现多样化的疾病, 目前病因病机至今尚不能明确。随着时代的发展、研究的深入, PCOS的病因病机也越来越深入与系统化。许多研究发现, 痰湿型PCOS占该病的很大比例, 其中代谢指标和超声下与其他类型的PCOS存在明显差异。中医对于PCOS没有记载, 但是该病属于闭经、月经量少、不孕等范畴。中医治疗辨证痰湿型PCOS有明显的优势。有医家认为只是单纯的西医或中医治疗都存在弊端, 提倡将西医与中医的治疗优势充分结合起来应用于临床, 针对不同年龄阶段、不同的需要, 更好的提高PCOS的临床疗效。

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Research progress on the polycystic ovary syndrome with phlegm-damp type
FENG Lu , SONG Xueyang , XU Zhaoxia , GAO Hui , WANG Yiqin     
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of menstrual disorders and anovulatory infertility in women during childbearing period, and is a common gynecological disease. Its etiology and traditional Chinese medicine syndromes are complex, and phlegm-dampness syndrome is the most common. In recent years, combined with modern science and technology, many scholars have conducted in-depth research on the essential characteristics of phlegm-dampness syndrome in PCOS, and discussed its clinical treatment methods in many ways. This article summarized PCOS phlegm-dampness syndrome from its etiology, syndrome distribution characteristics, clinical manifestations, changes of physical and chemical targets and syndrome differ treatment, staging treatment, integrative medicine therapy, acupuncture combined with other treatments, in order to analyze the clinical syndrome characteristics of PCOS phlegm-dampness syndrome and provide a scientific basis for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Key words: polycystic ovary syndrome    phlegm-damp type    physicochemical index    traditional Chinese medicine treatment