天津中医药  2021, Vol. 38 Issue (3): 400-403

文章信息

王特, 刘艺, 陈秋朴, 赵芮, 李兆福
WANG Te, LIU Yi, CHEN Qiupu, ZHAO Rui, LI Zhaofu
中医内治法治疗硬皮病研究进展
Research progress of scleroderma treated by internal treatment of traditional Chinese medicine
天津中医药, 2021, 38(3): 400-403
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021, 38(3): 400-403
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2021.03.25

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-11-14
中医内治法治疗硬皮病研究进展
王特1 , 刘艺1 , 陈秋朴1 , 赵芮1 , 李兆福1,2     
1. 云南中医药大学, 昆明 650500;
2. 云南中医药大学第一附属医院, 昆明 650021
摘要:硬皮病是一种以局灶性或弥漫性皮肤变硬和增厚为主要特征的结缔组织病,其病因病机复杂。西药为主的治疗措施疗效欠佳或不良反应大。中医治疗硬皮病历史悠久,通过辨病论证、辨证论治、分期分型论治获得了比较满意的疗效,通过对近年来硬皮病的病因病机及中医内治法进行综述,以期为硬皮病的治疗提供新思路。
关键词硬皮病    中医    病因病机    内治法    综述    

硬皮病属于风湿免疫科的常见病和难治病,目前西医治疗多采用糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂等,虽有一定疗效但存在明显不良反应,笔者通过总结近10年来中医内治法治疗硬皮病的相关文献,发现中医通过辨病论证、辨证论治、分期分型论治常可获得满意疗效。

1 病因病机

硬皮病属于中医学皮痹、皮痹疽、皮痿、血痹等范畴。近代诸多医家认为硬皮病发生多与寒、痰、瘀密切相关[1-3],部分医家认为“肺主气,合皮,荣毛”,肺气亏损导致卫表不固、皮毛失养;气虚则推动之力不足,血行不畅,血脉痹阻导致本病发生[4-6]。秦松林等[7]认为硬皮病的发生主要由伏邪所致,风、寒、湿三气侵袭机体,蕴久成痰、瘀、毒,称为伏邪,当机体正气亏虚,引动外邪,伏邪即发。李恩敏等[8]提出虚是硬皮病的根源所在,先天不足或久病导致素体虚弱,不能卫外,外邪侵袭,积聚于皮肤肌肉之间,致使营卫不和,经络不通,日久耗血伤阴,痰浊内生,血脉痹阻,而致脏腑功能失调,肌肤失养。

2 中医内治研究进展

中医治疗硬皮病历史悠久,且临床疗效显著,留下了许多治疗硬皮病的经验及经验方,当代医家在前人经验基础上,结合自身临床实践,或从脏腑亏虚的根源出发,或从寒、痰、瘀等病理产物出发,通过辨证论治、辨病论治、分期分型论治等治疗方法,均取得了较好的临床效果。

2.1 辨病论治

总结硬皮病的病因病机发现:诸多医家根据其病因病机及自身临床经验,以经方或经验方为基础,结合患者临床表现,酌情调整用药,常可获得满意的疗效。钟以泽教授[9]将四物汤作为核心组方,并根据具体病情随症化裁治疗硬皮病,可有效控制病情的发展,显著改善患者局部畏寒、感觉异常等症状。程学良教授以自拟通痹汤治疗局限性硬皮病,再根据兼症加减调整用药,对改善患处皮肤弹性及供血,恢复患肢功能疗效显著[10]。高祥福以麻黄补阳还五汤治疗硬皮病,临床中症状变化多端,用药需灵活加减,经过对门诊患者的随访观察,该方对缓解关节疼痛、恢复皮肤弹性有较好的疗效[11]。康文娣[12]教授拟用阳和汤化裁治疗局限性硬皮病,经过对门诊患者的随访观察,该方对软化皮肤、促进肌肉增长,减轻畏寒症状有较好的疗效。邓铁涛教授以自拟软皮汤治疗硬皮病,药物组成:熟地黄、黄芪、泽泻、牡丹皮、怀山药、茯苓、山茱萸、阿胶,经过动物实验研究发现:其治疗作用可能是通过下调活化因子p-SMAD3、上调抑制因子FLI1,从而改善硬皮病皮肤纤维化程度[13]。吴军教授用经验方和营消痹汤加减治疗硬皮病,药用:黄芪、防风、白术、熟地黄、当归、威灵仙、菟丝子、白芷、蜈蚣等,经过对门诊患者的随访观察,治疗效果显著[14]。王付启等[15]应用阳和汤加减治疗局限性硬皮病,组方:生黄芪、太子参、伸筋草、桃仁、红花、川牛膝、穿山甲、制附子、肉桂等。通过对78例患者的临床观察,总有效率达94.9 %。岳仁宋教授应用当归四逆汤为基础方治疗硬皮病,组方:桂枝、白芍、当归、木通、细辛等。再根据临床症状灵活调整用药,可显著减轻患者症状,延缓病情进展[16]。周平安教授以当归四逆汤、当归补血汤为主加减化裁组成经验方治疗硬皮病,通过对门诊患者治疗前后的症状对比,发现该方可改善患处血液循环及皮肤纤维化程度,减轻症状[17]。符小艳等[18]研究发现:自拟硬皮病1号方(由泡参、茯苓、白术、黄芪、当归、熟地黄、仙茅、麻黄、白附子、白芥子、皂角刺、血竭等组成)对系统性硬皮病有较好的疗效,经过对37例患者的临床观察,总有效率高达91.89 %。赵晨曦等[19]研究发现:补肺清淤颗粒(由党参、黄芪、丹参、桔梗、五味子、丹皮、凌霄花、桃仁、山药等组成)对改善硬皮病的临床症状,缓解病情有较好的临床效果,经过对60例患者的临床观察,总有效率为83.3 %。谢宇峰等[20]研究发现:益气软皮丸(由党参、黄芪、红花、当归、桂枝、川芎、熟地黄等药物组成)对局限性硬皮病有较好疗效,经过对127例局限性硬皮病患者的临床观察,总有效率为100 %。

2.2 辨证论治 2.2.1 从虚论治

包洁从虚论治硬皮病分4型:1)从肺虚论治:补益肺气,清瘀通络,方用补肺汤加减。2)从脾虚论治:健脾益气,利湿清热,方用归脾汤加减。3)从肾虚论治:温肾补阳,散寒通滞,方用阳和汤加减。4)从肝虚论治:补肝养血,理气解郁,方用补肝汤加减[8]。陈崑山[21]治疗硬皮病分3型:1)脾肾阳虚型:治以益肾壮阳,活血化瘀,方选麻黄附子细辛汤加减。2)血虚致瘀型:治以养血活血,通络散结,方选桃红四物汤加减。3)气血两虚型:治以益气养血,补益肝肾,通络散结,方选软皮固本汤加减[21]。范永升教授治疗硬皮病分3型:1)阳虚寒凝型:治以温阳散寒,常用药物有桂枝、仙灵脾、仙茅、杜仲、续断、鹿角片、淡附子等。2)气虚血瘀型:治以通络祛瘀,常用化瘀通络药物有积雪草、地龙、丹参、鸡血藤等,并佐以芳香理气之品,如佛手、香附、白芷等。3)肺脾亏虚型:治以培补肺脾,常用的培补肺脾的药物有黄芪、太子参、麸炒白术、茯苓等[22]。白郡符老中医治疗硬皮病分3型:1)脾肾阳虚型:治以温阳通络,补肾健脾,方选温阳通络汤加减。2)气血不足型:治以补气养血,通经活络,散寒除湿,方选黄芪桂枝五物汤加减。3)肝肾阴虚型:治以养阴清热,活血通络,方选玉女煎合六味地黄汤加减[23]

2.2.2 从寒、痰、瘀论治

穆怀萍[3]从痰瘀论治硬皮病分3型:1)虚寒痰瘀证:治以温经行气、化痰散瘀,方选身痛逐瘀汤加减。2)痰瘀并重证:治以温阳化痰、活血软坚,方选鳖甲丸加减。3)气阴两虚痰瘀证:治以滋阴益气、化痰活血,方选通幽汤加减。周宝宽[24]治疗硬皮病分3型:1)寒湿阻滞型:治以调和营卫,温经散寒,养血通络,方选蠲痹汤加减。2)阳虚寒凝型:治以温补肾阳,健脾通络,方选肾气丸合阳和汤加减。3)血瘀经脉型:治以活血化瘀,理气通络,方选桃红四物汤加减。王玉玺教授辨治硬皮病分3型:1)实寒证:治以温经散寒,和营通络,方选乌头桂枝汤合阳和汤加减。2)虚寒证:治以温补肾阳,健脾益气,方选四君子汤合独活寄生汤或肾气丸加减。3)痰瘀证:治以温化痰浊,行气消瘀,血瘀偏盛者用黄芪桂枝五物汤合当归四逆汤加减;痰浊偏盛者用二陈汤合土苓蛎慈莪甲汤加减[25]

2.3 分期分型论治

除了辨证论治,分期分型论治也是中医治疗硬皮病的有效方法,艾儒棣教授[26]辨治硬皮病分3期:1)初期(风寒湿阻证):治以祛风除湿散寒,活血通络软坚,方用阳和汤合独活寄生汤加减。2)硬化期(气滞血瘀证):治以益气养血,活血通络,软坚散结,方用桃红四物汤加减。3)萎缩期(阳虚血瘀证):治以温补脾肾,活血化瘀,软坚散结,方用附子理中丸合右归丸加减[26]。段行武治疗局限性硬皮病分3期论治:1)急性进展期:治以凉血解毒,清热除湿,佐以祛风通络,药用:生地黄、黄芩、金银花、苦参、龙胆草、土茯苓、豨莶草等。2)硬化期:治以温阳通络,祛风除湿,宣通腠理,药用:巴戟天、仙灵脾、麻黄、桂枝、川芎、丹参、红花、独活、秦艽、鸡血藤、伸筋草、防己等。3)萎缩期:治以健脾助阳,益气养血,温经通络,药用:人参、白术、鹿角片、巴戟天、肉苁蓉、熟地黄、当归、桂枝、羌活、独活、姜黄、地龙、丝瓜络、路路通、鸡血藤等[27]。胡荫奇教授分3期辨治系统性硬皮病:1)硬肿期(阳虚寒凝,脉络痹阻证):治以温阳散寒,活血通络,方药:淫羊藿、巴戟天、桂枝、络石藤等。2)硬化期(脾肾阳虚,痰瘀痹阻证):治以健脾温肾,涤痰活血,方药:鹿角胶、山茱萸、桂枝、莪术、鸡血藤等。3)萎缩期(气血两虚,瘀血痹阻证):治以补气养血,祛瘀通络,方药:黄芪、当归、赤芍、鸡血藤、党参、龙眼肉等[28]。胡荫奇分3期治疗局限性硬皮病:1)肿胀期(气虚寒凝血瘀证):治以益气固表,祛湿通络,方以玉屏风散与桃红四物汤加减。2)硬化期(脾肾阳虚,痰湿痹阻):治以温阳化痰,祛瘀通络,方选阳和汤和桃红四物汤加减。3)萎缩期(肝肾亏虚):治以益气养血,补益肝肾,祛瘀通络,方选八珍汤和六味地黄丸加减[29]。李元文教授治疗硬皮病分3期:1)水肿期(肺卫虚弱,寒邪阻滞):治以宣肺益气固表,温阳散寒通络,常用药物:麻黄、桂枝、黄芪、桔梗、当归、川芎、党参等。2)硬化期(脾肾阳虚,寒湿痹阻):治以健脾补肾,温经通络,药常用黄芪、菟丝子、肉苁蓉等。3)萎缩期(气虚血瘀,脉络阻塞):治以益气固本,活血通络,药常用党参、熟地黄、川芎、黄芪等[30]

3 小结

综上所述,中医治疗硬皮病有其独特的优势,通过辨病论治、辨证论治、分期分型论治都对硬皮病有一定的治疗作用,但中医治疗硬皮病也存在诸多弊端,例如:1)各医家辨治硬皮病缺乏统一标准,疗效难以评估。2)中药组方主要来自医师的临床经验,缺乏科学性。3)临床研究样本来源单一、样本量小,导致研究结果缺乏代表性。针对这些不足,对一些在硬皮病治疗中有确切疗效的中药或方剂,通过科学、严谨的实验设计及多中心、大样本的临床研究,不仅有助于进一步探讨硬皮病的发病机制,还对开发高效、安全的抗硬皮病新药具有重要意义。

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Research progress of scleroderma treated by internal treatment of traditional Chinese medicine
WANG Te1 , LIU Yi1 , CHEN Qiupu1 , ZHAO Rui1 , LI Zhaofu1,2     
1. Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China;
2. The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650021, China
Abstract: Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease characterized by focal or diffuse skin hardening and thickening, and its etiology and pathogenesis are complex. Western medicine-based treatment measures have poor curative effect or great adverse reactions. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history in treating scleroderma, and it has achieved satisfactory results through differentiation of diseases, treatment based on syndrome differentiation, and treatment by stages and types. This paper reviewed the etiology and pathogenesis of scleroderma and the internal treatment of traditional Chinese medicine in recent years, in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of scleroderma.
Key words: scleroderma    traditional Chinese medicine    etiology and pathogenesis    internal treatment    review