天津中医药  2022, Vol. 39 Issue (10): 1306-1310

文章信息

王帅, 闫海峰, 贾壮壮, 王琳, 张泽宇, 王慈, 王贤良, 毛静远
WANG Shuai, YAN Haifeng, JIA Zhuangzhuang, WANG Lin, ZHANG Zeyu, WANG Ci, WANG Xianliang, MAO Jingyuan
宣肺化瘀通脉方对野百合碱诱导大鼠肺动脉高压的影响
Effect of Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction on rats with monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension
天津中医药, 2022, 39(10): 1306-1310
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 39(10): 1306-1310
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2022.10.15

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-06-20
宣肺化瘀通脉方对野百合碱诱导大鼠肺动脉高压的影响
王帅1 , 闫海峰2 , 贾壮壮1,3 , 王琳1,3 , 张泽宇1,3 , 王慈1,3 , 王贤良1 , 毛静远1     
1. 天津中医药大学第一附属医院,国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心,天津 300381;
2. 河南中医药大学第一附属医院,郑州 450000;
3. 天津中医药大学,天津 301617
摘要:[目的] 探讨宣肺化瘀通脉方对野百合碱(MCT)诱导的肺动脉高压(PH)大鼠氧化应激水平的影响。[方法] 将70只SPF级雄性SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照组(20只)和MCT组(50只);MCT组单次腹腔注射MCT(60 mg/kg),诱导14 d建立PH模型。第15天对照组、MCT组各随机抽取10只,检测大鼠平均肺动脉压(mPAP)的变化。将造模成功后的40只大鼠随机分为模型组、西地那非组、宣肺化瘀通脉方低剂量组及高剂量组,每组10只,各用药组均灌胃给药,低剂量组为6.75 g生药/kg,高剂量组为13.5 g生药/kg,每日1次,连续给药14 d,对照组及模型组给予等容积蒸馏水。观察宣肺化瘀通脉方对PH大鼠mPAP、右心室收缩压(RVSP)、右心室肥厚指数(RVHI)、肺组织形态及氧化应激水平的影响。[结果] 宣肺化瘀通脉方可显著降低PH大鼠RVSP、mPAP及RVHI水平,降低肺部动脉管壁厚度、改善血管狭窄程度,改善PH肺组织病理损伤;降低PH大鼠血清活性氧(ROS)含量,上调环氧合酶1(COX-1)、环氧合酶2(COX-2)表达水平,升高过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。[结论] 宣肺化瘀通脉方可显著改善MCT诱导的大鼠PH,其作用机制与调控氧化应激水平有关。
关键词肺动脉高压    宣肺化瘀通脉方    氧化应激    

肺动脉高压(PH)以肺血管重构、肺循环阻力增加和肺动脉压升高[静息时平均肺动脉压≥25 mm Hg(1 mm Hg≈0.133 kPa,下同)]为特征,可导致右心衰竭甚至死亡[1]。全球受PH影响的患者多达1%,其中,65岁以上人群患病率在10%左右[2]。肺动脉高压患者1年内死亡风险约为15%,3年内死亡风险为30%[3]。治疗PH的药物大多以舒张血管和抑制肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖为主,其价格较贵,临床依赖性较强[4],而中医药防治PH具有一定优势。天津中医药大学第一附属医院毛静远教授根据多年临床实践,总结出治疗PH的临床有效经验处方——宣肺化瘀通脉方,由丹参、红花、山茱萸、桔梗、地龙5味中药组成,具有宣肺化瘀、养阴通脉之效,但其药效机制尚不明确。研究基于野百合碱(MCT)诱导的PH大鼠模型,探讨宣肺化瘀通脉方对大鼠PH的改善作用及对氧化应激水平的影响,为治疗PH提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验动物

SPF级雄性SD大鼠70只,体质量230~250 g,由北京斯贝福生物技术有限公司提供,许可证编号为SCXK(京)2019-0010,饲养于中国医学科学院放射医学研究所,室内温度与相对湿度分别为20~25 ℃、40%~60%。

1.2 实验药物

宣肺化瘀通脉方组成为丹参、红花、山茱萸、桔梗、地龙,中药饮片由天津中医药大学第一附属医院药剂科提供;根据体表面积剂量换算法,宣肺化瘀通脉方大鼠给药低剂量组为6.75 g生药/kg,高剂量组为13.5 g生药/kg;西地那非(25 mg/kg),由上海源叶生物科技有限公司提供,批号X23A8Y42189。

1.3 造模、分组及给药

将70只SPF级雄性SD大鼠,随机分为对照组(20只)和MCT组(50只);MCT组单次腹腔注射MCT(60 mg/kg),诱导14 d建立肺动脉高压模型,造模过程中大鼠未出现死亡。第15天对照组、MCT组各随机抽取10只,检测大鼠平均肺动脉压(mPAP)的变化。将造模成功后的40只大鼠随机分为模型组、西地那非组、宣肺化瘀通脉方低剂量组及经验方高剂量组,每组10只。各用药组均灌胃给药,每日1次,连续给药14 d,对照及模型组给予等容积蒸馏水。

1.4 观察指标及方法 1.4.1 一般情况观察

观察各组大鼠体质量、食量、活动量、毛发光泽程度以及对外周刺激反应程度等一般情况。

1.4.2 PH大鼠右心室收缩压(RVSP)、mPAP测定

采用1.5%三溴乙醇(0.8 mL/100 g)腹腔注射麻醉大鼠,仰卧位固定,切开颈部右半侧皮肤,然后剥离颈外静脉,并结扎其远心端。用眼科剪朝心室方向剪出一个2~3 mm的V形开口,插入导管,根据多导生理仪所示波形,判断导管所在位置,检测大鼠RVSP、mPAP的变化。

1.4.3 右心室肥厚指数(RVHI)测定

大鼠开胸,剪开右心耳,用50 mL注射器抽取预冷的生理盐水,插入腹主动脉,灌流冲洗心脏及肺血管中的血液,用滤纸吸净心脏周围的水分,沿室间隔分离左、右心室,分别称量右心室(RV)及左心室+室间隔(LV+S),计算RVHI=RV/(LV+S)

1.4.4 肺组织形态学变化

取大鼠相同部位的左肺中上叶,用生理盐水漂洗固定于4%的多聚甲醛72 h,将标本沿肺门做厚度为5 μm的石蜡切片,进行常规苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,光镜下观察各组大鼠肺组织病理形态学变化。

1.4.5 氧化应激水平测定

大鼠麻醉后腹主动脉取血,室温静置30 min,低温离心后取上层血清,采用随机数字表法每组选取3个血清样本,根据相应的试剂盒操作步骤分别检测血清活性氧(ROS)、环氧合酶1(COX-1)、环氧合酶2(COX-2)的含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0软件统计分析数据。数据以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,若符合正态性分布且方差齐,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),组间两两比较采用LSD检验;不符合正态分布,多组间比较采用Kruskal-walis H检验。P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 各组大鼠一般情况比较

对照组大鼠体质量逐日增加,饮食及活动量正常,毛发光泽,对外周刺激反应正常;与对照组比较,模型组大鼠活动量与食量减少,对外周刺激反应迟钝,嗜睡倦卧,毛发枯燥少泽,呼吸频率短促,口鼻及四肢发绀;西地那非组及宣肺化瘀通脉方各剂量组大鼠一般情况较模型组改善明显。

2.2 宣肺化瘀通脉方对大鼠PH的影响

与对照组比较,模型组RVSP、mPAP、RVHI升高,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。与模型组比较,西地那非组、宣肺化瘀通脉方低、高剂量组mPAP、RVHI降低,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01);低剂量组RVSP降低,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);高剂量组降低,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。与宣肺化瘀通脉方低剂量组比较,高剂量组RVSP、mPAP降低,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01),见图 1

注:A.宣肺化瘀通脉方对PH大鼠RVSP的影响;B.宣肺化瘀通脉方对PH大鼠mPAP的影响;C.宣肺化瘀通脉方对PH大鼠RVHI的影响;模型组n=8,其余组n=10;与对照组比较,**P < 0.01;与模型组比较,#P < 0.05,##P < 0.01;与宣肺化瘀通脉方低剂量组比较,△△P < 0.01。1.对照组;2.模型组;3.西地那非组;4.宣肺化瘀通脉方低剂量组;5.宣肺化瘀通脉方高剂量组。 图 1 宣肺化瘀通脉方对大鼠PH的影响 Fig. 1 Effect of Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction on PH in rats
2.3 宣肺化瘀通脉方对大鼠肺组织形态学的影响

HE染色结果显示,对照组大鼠肺部动脉管壁的结构清晰,结构正常;模型组大鼠肺部动脉管壁增厚,管腔狭窄明显;各给药组大鼠肺动脉管壁厚度、血管腔狭窄程度比模型组得到改善,宣肺化瘀通脉方可显著改善MCT诱导PH大鼠的肺部动脉管壁厚度、改善血管狭窄程度,见图 2

图 2 宣肺化瘀通脉方对PH大鼠肺组织形态学的影响(×40) Fig. 2 Effect of Xuanfei Huayu Dongmai Decoction on histomorphology of PH rats (×40)
2.4 宣肺化瘀通脉方对各组大鼠氧化应激水平的影响

与对照组比较,模型组ROS含量升高,CAT活性下调,差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.01),COX-1、COX-2含量降低,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。与模型组比较,西地那非组ROS含量下降,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01);CAT活性、COX-1及COX-2含量上调,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05,P < 0.01);宣肺化瘀通脉方高剂量组ROS含量下降,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.01),CAT活性上调,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),COX-1、COX-2含量显著升高(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。与宣肺化瘀通脉方低剂量组比较,高剂量组可降低ROS含量、上调CAT活性,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),见图 3

注:A.宣肺化瘀通脉方对各组大鼠ROS含量的影响;B.宣肺化瘀通脉方对各组大鼠CAT活性的影响;C.宣肺化瘀通脉方对各组大鼠COX-1含量的影响;D.宣肺化瘀通脉方对各组大鼠COX-2含量的影响;n=3;与对照组比较,**P < 0.01;与模型组比较,#P < 0.05,##P < 0.01;与宣肺化瘀通脉方低剂量组比较,P < 0.05,△△P < 0.01。1.对照组;2.模型组;3.西地那非组;4.宣肺化瘀通脉方低剂量组;5.宣肺化瘀通脉方高剂量组。 图 3 宣肺化瘀通脉方对各组大鼠氧化应激水平的影响 Fig. 3 Effect of Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction on oxidative stress level of rats in each group
3 讨论

中医没有明确记载PH的病名,根据中医运用理法方药对类似症状、疾病预后的记载及胸闷、气促、乏力、呼吸困难等临床表现,多将其归属为“喘证”“肺胀”“咳嗽”等范畴,大多以“肺胀”立论。《灵枢·胀论》曰:“肺胀者,虚满而喘咳。”《素问·大奇论》曰:“肺之壅,喘而两胁满。”《丹溪心法·咳嗽》载“肺胀而咳,或左或右不得眠,此痰夹瘀血碍气而为病。”PH基本病机为本虚标实、虚实夹杂,本虚以气虚为主,肺气虚是其根本。标实以痰浊、水饮、血瘀等为主;其中,痰浊、血瘀为PH发展的主要病理产物,易阻塞肺络,引起气血运行不畅,肺循环受阻,导致肺络结构发生相应改变,表现出血管痉挛、收缩、重构的特征。天津中医药大学第一附属医院毛静远教授根据多年临床经验总结出治疗PH宣肺化瘀通脉方,由丹参、红花、山茱萸、桔梗、地龙5味药组成,其中丹参活血祛瘀,红花活血通经,桔梗宣肺祛痰,山茱萸补益肝肾,地龙通络平喘,诸药共奏宣肺化瘀、养阴通脉之效,可有效改善PH患者的临床症状。

氧化应激是PH进程中的关键因素,患有PH的人类和动物的肺组织中各氧化应激标志物的表达发生了不同程度变化[5-8]。细胞内氧自由基生成与清除之间不平衡,ROS的数量超过生物系统可以对抗和中和的数量时,就会引起氧化应激损伤[9]。ROS蓄积过多可激活/抑制一系列信号通路,进而引起内皮功能障碍、肺血管收缩及重构,造成肺部血管管腔狭窄,阻力增加,肺动脉压进行性升高,并且增加右心室后负荷,最终可导致右心室衰竭[10]。CAT属于酶类抗氧化系统,可催化过氧化氢(H2O2)为氧和水,保护细胞结构及功能完整性。抑制氧化应激水平可下调肺平滑肌细胞增殖程度,改善PH肺血管重塑[11]

宣肺化瘀通脉方中丹参包含的化合物主要包括二萜类和酚酸类,研究表明丹酚酸A、丹酚酸B、丹参酮IIA具有较强的抗氧化活性[12-14]。红花的主要成分包括红花色素类、红花苷类,可以上调超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、抑制丙二醛(MDA)及ROS积累,改善氧化应激损伤[15],尤其是红花中的黄酮类成分对氧化应激反应具有良好的调控作用[16],可通过下调一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)及COX-2基因表达,抑制一氧化碳(NO)产生及炎症反应水平[17-18]。山茱萸可增加SOD、CAT和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)的活性[19-20]。莫罗忍冬苷是山茱萸的重要活性成分,可通过调控核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路调控COX-2表达[21]。地龙主要含蚯蚓解热碱、蚯蚓素、蚯蚓毒素、琥珀酸等,具有抗炎、抗血栓、降压、改善气道重构、抗肺纤维化及免疫调节等作用。桔梗及其组分可通过调控ROS相关信号通路抑制慢性气道炎症及氧化应激损伤,降低肺泡隔厚度,改善心肺的多种病理变化[22-24]

本研究采用宣肺化瘀通脉方干预MCT诱导的大鼠PH模型,结果表明宣肺化瘀通脉方可有效降低PH大鼠mPAP、RVSP、RVHI水平,减轻肺动脉管壁厚度、血管腔狭窄程度,改善肺组织病理学变化,降低PH大鼠血清ROS含量,上调COX-1、COX-2表达水平,升高CAT活性,抑制氧化应激反应,为PH的临床治疗提供了新的思路及数据支持。

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Effect of Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction on rats with monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension
WANG Shuai1 , YAN Haifeng2 , JIA Zhuangzhuang1,3 , WANG Lin1,3 , ZHANG Zeyu1,3 , WANG Ci1,3 , WANG Xianliang1 , MAO Jingyuan1     
1. First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China;
2. The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
3. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Abstract: [Objective] To explore the effect of Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction treating oxidative stress level in rats with pulmonary hypertension (PH) induced by monocrotaline (MCT)). [Methods] The 70 SPF male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (20 rats) and MCT group (50 rats). In MCT group, a single intraperitoneal injection of MCT (60 mg/kg) was used to induce PH model for 14 days. On the 15th day, 10 rats in control group and MCT group were randomly selected. The changes of mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) in rats were detected. After successful modeling, 40 rats were randomly divided into model group, sildenafil group, low-dose group and high-dose group of Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction. All groups were given intragastric administration once a day for 14 days and the low-dose group was 6.75 g crude drug/kg and the high-dose group was 13.5 g crude drug/kg, otherwise the control group and model group were given equal volume distilled water. To observe the effects of Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction on mPAP, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI), lung tissue morphology and oxidative stress level in PH rats. [Results] Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction can significantly reduce the levels of RVSP, mPAP and RVHI in PH rats, improve the thickness of pulmonary artery wall, improve the degree of vascular stenosis and inhibit the pathological damage of PH; Lowering the serum reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of PH rats, up-regulate the expression level of cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and the activity of catalase (CAT). [Conclusion] Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction can significantly improve the PH of rats induced by MCT, and its mechanism is related to regulating the level of oxidative stress.
Key words: pulmonary hypertension    Xuanfei Huayu Tongmai Decoction    oxidative stress