天津中医药  2022, Vol. 39 Issue (10): 1357-1360

文章信息

滕广帅, 白洁
TENG Guangshuai, BAI Jie
炎症性贫血的治疗进展
Recent research on the treatment of anemia of inflammation
天津中医药, 2022, 39(10): 1357-1360
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 39(10): 1357-1360
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2022.10.22

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-07-16
炎症性贫血的治疗进展
滕广帅 , 白洁     
天津医科大学第二医院血液科,天津 300070
摘要:炎症性贫血(AI)发病率高,发病机制复杂。西医治疗的根本在于治疗原发病,补铁和/或应用促红细胞生成刺激剂(ESA)应注意权衡利弊,靶向促炎因子-铁调素-膜铁转运蛋白轴治疗和缺氧诱导因子脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂(HIF-PHI)作为新型疗法具有广阔前景,中医采用辨证论治、标本兼治的方法治疗AI,优势显著,本文对AI的发病机制及治疗进行综述,以期为中西医结合治疗AI提供依据。
关键词炎症性贫血    铁调素    促红细胞生成素    中医治疗    

炎症性贫血(AI)又称慢性病贫血(ACD)[1],发病率仅次于“缺铁性贫血”(IDA),是在感染、炎症、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等原发疾病基础上出现的慢性贫血[2],因其病理生理机制与炎症因子参与有关,故称为AI。AI发病率高且严重影响患者生存及生活质量,中西医治疗AI取得一定疗效,但仍存在一定局限性。文章通过研究分析国内外相关文献,从西医和中医的角度对AI的治疗进展进行综述。

1 西医治疗 1.1 西医传统治疗

1)AI治疗的关键是对因治疗,当原发病得到有效控制时,贫血往往随之改善,但肿瘤、自身免疫病等多种疾病并不能根治,因此探索AI治疗异常重要。2)Gill等[3]在2001年报道输血可以增加心肌梗死合并贫血患者的生存率,但输血导致高钾血症和心力衰竭的风险增加。Busti等[4]报道输血可能增加肿瘤患者病死率。3)补铁是AI治疗的重要部分,Busti等[4]研究表明,静脉补铁可以降低输血率,但Zoller等[5]研究发现静脉补铁可能引起低磷血症,并发6H综合征(高FGF23、高磷尿、低磷血症、低维生素D、低钙血症和继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进)。4)Tonia等[6]研究显示,应用促红细胞生成刺激剂(ESA)可以使红细胞输注减少35%,但应用ESA治疗的安全性需要关注;进行荟萃分析发现应用ESA治疗肿瘤患者,总生存率降低1.05倍,血栓发生风险增加1.52倍,高血压风险增加1.3倍,出血风险增加1.21倍。也有研究显示应用ESA会增加慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)患者心血管事件和病死率。ESA是否促进肿瘤增长存在争议,有研究显示肿瘤组织促红细胞生成素(EPO)受体信使RNA及蛋白质的表达可能促进肿瘤细胞增殖,但因其缺乏正常对照而受到质疑。Pradeep等[7]发现EphB4(一种Epo受体,并非经典EpoR)通过STAT3触发下游信号促进重组人促红细胞生成素诱导的肿瘤生长和进展。

1.2 西医治疗进展 1.2.1 低氧诱导因子(HIF)稳定剂

HIF是一种调节EPO合成并介导细胞适应缺氧的转录因子[8-10],Mastrogiannaki等[11]研究发现HIF通过EPO介导的红细胞生成抑制铁调素(Hepcidin)表达,应用脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂稳定HIF,促进内源性EPO产生,降低Hepcidin水平,增加肠道铁吸收及巨噬细胞释放贮存铁促进红细胞生成是治疗AI的新兴策略[12-13]。目前已知的低氧诱导因子脯氨酸羟化酶抑制剂(HIF-PHI)在临床试验阶段对CKD贫血的治疗效果显著。罗沙司他已在中国上市,治疗CKD合并肾性贫血患者时能降低Hepcidin水平,提高铁利用率,有效改善贫血[14-16],HIF激活通过改善糖脂代谢和降低血压有助于心血管保护[17],其安全性优于传统ESA。因此,HIF-PHI可能是AI的潜在治疗药物,但广泛应用于CKD以外的疾病引起的AI还需要大规模基础和临床试验证实安全性和有效性。

1.2.2 靶向促炎因子-铁调素-膜铁转运蛋白轴治疗

“Hepcidin-膜铁转运蛋白轴”是调节人体铁代谢的关键信号通路。在感染、肿瘤、自身免疫等炎症状态下,白介素(IL)-6与肝细胞表面的IL-6受体结合,通过JAK-STAT3途径刺激Hepcidin表达[18]。Hepcidin通过增加肝细胞和巨噬细胞表面二价金属转运蛋白(DMT-1)使铁进入细胞内,同时Hepcidin与巨噬细胞铁转运蛋白结合,抑制肠上皮细胞对铁摄取和巨噬细胞对铁的释放,增加铁利用。

目前基于AI病理生理学特征以及网状内皮系统中铁滞留和Hepcidin的核心作用,拮抗Hepcidin功能成为AI的新型治疗方法。治疗措施主要为靶向炎症因子- Hepcidin -膜铁转运蛋白轴治疗[19]。Kurzrock等[20]研究报道Siltuximab(人-鼠嵌合的IL-6单克隆抗体)在Castleman病I期临床试验中明显降低Hepcidin水平,一半以上患者贫血有所改善。Xin等[21]研究表明硫化氢(H2S)通过抑制JAK2-STAT3活化,抑制Hepcidin生成,表明抑制JAK2-STAT3通路也有助于治疗AI,但目前上市的JAK-STAT抑制剂芦可替尼因其脱靶效应限制了在AI中的应用。动物研究中人源化铁调素单克隆抗体Ab12B9m在体外和体内均显示中和Hepcidin,且与ESA联用时可以改善小鼠贫血[22-24]。最近一项研究结果显示完全人源化Hepcidin单克隆抗体LY2787106治疗肿瘤合并AI在给药后24 h内可以增加血清铁浓度和转铁蛋白饱和度[25]。当Hepcidin效应结合位点被阻断时,CKD患者血清铁浓度、转铁蛋白饱和度以及血红蛋白均增加[26]。新型治疗方法极具前景[27],靶向促炎因子-Hepcidin-膜铁转运蛋白轴治疗的安全性和有效性需进行大规模临床试验观察和证实。

2 中医治疗进展

中医治疗AI,早期以健脾补肾、益气活血为主,中后期则在补虚的基础上,攻补兼施,标本兼顾,治疗上采用燥湿化痰、清热解毒、活血通络等法,做到“补虚”与“疗疾”并行,“扶正”与“祛邪”兼施。此外,若浊毒阻滞三焦,则应通利三焦,以备血生[28]

2.1 益气补中,理气健脾

郑秦等[29]研究发现异功散对炎症反应有明确的抑制作用,可以促进AI小鼠脾组织结构中受损线粒体的修复或清除,异功散治疗AI能改善小鼠贫血症状。异功散益气补中,行气化滞,以“运脾”之法改善贫血症状。

2.2 调养五脏,重心脾肾

由于脾阳与心火密切相关,若心脾同治,则血脉充则心神可养,脾气旺则血有所摄。王富俪等[30]运用加味归脾汤联合EPO治疗肿瘤合并AI,有效改善患者贫血。也有研究表明,运用加味归脾汤治疗肾性贫血疗效显著[31]

对于脾肾阳虚的患者,若健脾温肾,则温肾阳以补脾土,先后天相互滋生,如环无端。刘文禹[32]的临床研究中表明归脾汤合二至丸对系统性红斑狼疮合并AI疗效显著,能有效改善贫血症状,Hb水平有明显提高。王齐龙等[28]运用益肾化浊生血方,即右归丸合实脾饮加减治疗脾肾阳虚兼湿浊证CKD患者贫血的疗效显著,还能有效改善肾功能。姚金虎[33]运用生血丸联合EPO治疗脾肾两虚证肿瘤相关性贫血与单纯应用EPO相比,能有效改善患者贫血症状、降低IL-6水平、改善中医证候。

2.3 益气养血,固本培元

归芍六君子汤、圣愈汤、归脾汤等补益剂通过顾护脾胃,滋肾健脾,补血和血,斡旋中土,令气血生化有源,在临床中改善贫血取得了显著的疗效[34-35]。赵晓晴等[36]对肿瘤相关性贫血的中医用药采用聚类分析显示,临床常用四物汤、六君子汤、鸡血藤汤气血同补,填精补髓,还常用阿胶与鹿角胶相配,阴阳同补以增强补血之力。而余承惠教授[37]认为养血治疗应侧重于活血凉血兼以养血,以平补轻补为主,血肉有情之品用量不宜过大,以免滋腻太过。梁海航[38]临床研究发现,运用加味八珍汤治疗气血两虚型CKD4期患者贫血疗效显著,同时可以减少EPO用量。

2.4 益肾降浊,化瘀解毒

AI后期宜在补益脾肾,益气养血的基础上,配合利湿泄浊、活血祛瘀、清热解毒等治法,以期邪去正安。任海燕等[39]研究发现运用益肾降浊汤治疗CKD引起的贫血,能下调患者Hepcidin水平,有效改善贫血症状[39]。王齐龙等[28]为益肾降浊,加入了蒲公英、熟大黄以清泄浊毒,大黄、厚朴以轻下,促进浊毒之排出。赵晓晴等[36]分析肿瘤相关性贫血的中医用药显示,其高频中药除补虚药外,多为化瘀、渗湿药。对于血瘀甚者加红花、桃仁;湿浊甚者加半夏、薏苡仁、茯苓;寒湿甚者加附子、干姜;湿热甚者加黄柏、栀子;痰热甚者加胆南星、竹茹、冬瓜子等。但由于AI患者正气不足,药物不宜过于峻烈,如附子辛温燥湿效过强,应尽量少用[37]

3 展望

AI是一种常见的临床疾病,影响全球超过十亿人口,但原发疾病的复杂性使得输血治疗、ESA治疗及补铁等传统对症治疗手段存在局限性。随着对AI发病机制研究的不断深入,西医的一些新型药物包括HIF稳定剂,靶向促炎因子-Hepcidin-膜铁转运蛋白轴等治疗不断涌现并逐步走向临床,有研究显示新型药物可能给AI治疗带来曙光,但仍面临巨大挑战。

近年来随着中医对本病病因病机研究的不断深入,通过辨证论治治疗各个证型AI,根据患者证型不同给予不同的方剂,能够有效改善脾肾、骨髓功能,疗效显著且无明显的不良反应。但中药及其组方的药理作用机制还需要大量的数据支撑。在西医新药探索中参考中医“标本兼顾”的原则,在中医方剂应用时加强药理机制研究,中西医结合优势互补治疗AI,有效结合AI的中西医发病机制,系统探索中西医结合治疗本病的疗效机制,在不同原发疾病中寻找规律及治疗方法是研究者未来努力的方向。

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Recent research on the treatment of anemia of inflammation
TENG Guangshuai , BAI Jie     
Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
Abstract: The incidence of anemia of inflammation(AI) is high, and the pathogenes is complex. The essence of treating AI is to treat primary diseases. Iron supplement and/or erythropoiesis stimulating agent(ESA) should be applied, and the advantages and disadvantages should be pay attention. Targeted proinflammatory factor ferritin membrane iron transporter axis therapy and hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors(HIF-PHI) are new therapies for the treatment of AI. The traditional Chinese medicine, which adopting syndrome differentiation and treatment and treating both the primary diseases and the symptoms, plays an important role. This article reviews the pathogenes and the treatment of AI, and with a view to providing references for integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment.
Key words: anemia of inflammation    hepcidin    erythropoietin    traditional Chinese medicine treatment