天津中医药  2022, Vol. 39 Issue (2): 147-150

文章信息

王漫, 丁娅杰
WANG Man, DING Yajie
张智龙教授运脾泄浊方治疗高尿酸血症经验探析
Analysis of the experience of Professor ZHANG Zhilong using Yunpi Xiezhuo Recipe in the treatment of hyperuricemia
天津中医药, 2022, 39(2): 147-150
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 39(2): 147-150
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2022.02.04

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-11-10
张智龙教授运脾泄浊方治疗高尿酸血症经验探析
王漫 , 丁娅杰     
天津市中医药研究院附属医院, 天津 300120
摘要:张智龙教授治疗高尿酸血症审证求因,辨因析位、责之于脾,法不拘常、补泻兼施,认为脾虚浊盛是高尿酸血症的病机基础,湿、瘀、浊、毒是高尿酸血症的病机关键,提出运脾泄浊法是治疗高尿酸血症的基本大法,创立“运脾泄浊方”。全方补泻兼施、润燥同用、升降共调,补中虚、行气滞、畅道路、渗湿邪、泄浊瘀,使中州运而绝湿邪化生之源,下焦畅而通浊毒外泄之路,则浊瘀泄,脾得健运,升高之尿酸得以复常。临床验之疗效满意,为高尿酸血症的治疗提供了新的思路和方法。
关键词高尿酸血症    运脾泄浊方    张智龙    

随着生活水平的提高和社会压力的增大,高尿酸血症的发生率日趋增高,且不仅发生于中老年人,其年轻化及儿童化也日趋明显,严重威胁着人们的身体健康和生活质量[1]。张智龙教授临证重视调理脾胃,擅长从脾论治糖尿病及其并发症、高尿酸血症等代谢性疾病,从医执教30余年,形成了独特的代谢性疾病辨治体系,提出“脾虚浊盛是高尿酸血症的核心病机,运脾泄浊是治疗高尿酸血症的基本大法”,创立了“运脾泄浊方”。

1 辨因析位,责之于脾

古代医学论著中并无高尿酸血症一词,而《名医别录》《格致余论》与《张氏医通》中虽有痛风记载,但与今世之痛风却非一病[2-3]。因患者多以肢体重着疼痛来诊,故中医归其入“痹症”范畴,多有肥食豪饮之好,且形体肥腴,临床或有肢节疼痛,或并无不适之症仅于体检后方知。明代医家张三锡认为:“痛风,即《内经》痛痹,上古多外感,古云三气合而为痹。今人多内伤,气血亏损,湿痰阴火流滞经络,或在四肢。”中医认为,高尿酸血症的发生多由饮食不节、脏腑不和、年迈体衰、肾脏亏虚所致,病因为在此基础上过食海鲜肥甘致脾胃运化失职,湿浊蕴热成痰,阻滞气血而为瘀,遇过劳或外感诱发浊聚气逆瘀阻成而发病[4]

现代研究表明,高尿酸血症多与痛风相关,但两者并不等同[5]。痛风是指单钠尿酸盐沉积于骨关节、肾脏和皮下等部位,引发急慢性炎症和组织损伤,与嘌呤代谢紊乱(或)尿酸排泄减少所致的高尿酸血症直接相关,只有当尿酸盐在机体组织中沉积下来造成损害才出现痛风。同时,痛风也不仅发生于足部,可发生于第一跖趾关节、足背、足跟、踝关节、膝关节、腕关节、指关节、肘关节等表现为痛风性关节炎,还可发生于肾脏形成痛风性肾病、肾结石,以及皮下痛风石等,发病可为急性、间歇性、慢性,也有的患者终身无症状[6]。为防止上述各种急慢性炎症和组织损伤的发生,减少患者不必要的病痛,积极治疗高尿酸血症这一初起之异常代谢,可收到“未病先防,既病防变”的效果。

脾与胃同居于中州,脾以升为健,胃以降为顺,唯有脾胃升降运化调达,方可升降相因、燥湿相济,人体气血才能化源充足,中州气机才能升降有序。正如《医学求是·张叔和观察太夫人中风证》云:“中气不立,则升降无权……中气无主,枢机终塞。”张智龙教授认为,脾虚则湿盛,湿盛则浊瘀由生;此脾虚为本,浊盛为标,脾虚浊盛是高尿酸血症的始动因素和核心病机,湿、瘀、浊、毒既是病理产物,亦是致病因素。在体虚劳倦、外感风寒热邪、摄入嘌呤过多而饮水较少、或饮用大量碳酸饮料等激惹因素作用下,脾胃升降运化功能失常,清不得升、浊无以降,清浊不分、清流浊滞,因虚致浊,由浊致瘀,浊瘀胶着为毒,湿、瘀、浊、毒胶结作祟于脏腑血脉而致血尿酸水平升高。故遣方施治重视调理脾胃,自拟运脾泄浊方以运脾化湿泄浊、逐瘀排毒达到降低尿酸目的。

2 法不拘常,补泻兼施

诸家临床辨证多分为虚实两端,实者为血瘀夹湿或湿热痰浊内蕴,虚者多为脾肾或肝肾不足,治法则为补肾健脾利湿或清热利湿或活血通络[7-11]。张智龙教授认为,今时之人多患此病,皆因膏粱厚味饮食失常伤脾有关,以体胖便溏者居多,肾伤者并不易见,恐多因当今生活条件改善,幼时起即过食肥甘之味,且生活、学习、工作等社会压力日趋增高,人们多有思虑过度之虞,如此种种皆可导致脾虚。脾虚则气血生化乏源,肢体诸节失于濡养故倦怠乏力,头窍失养则头昏沉,湿浊困于肢节则酸痛,脾虚不运,清气不升则便溏,湿浊流注下肢日久则足部关节肿痛。因虚酿湿、湿聚成痰、因痰致瘀,湿、痰、瘀交杂日久,终酿浊毒,胶结血脉,侵犯人体而成此病,虚实夹杂,故治疗万不可单专于补或妄加化瘀泄浊,唯补不泻则浊毒丛生,唯泻不补则徒恐伤正,而当运脾泄浊兼施,运脾以防浊毒生成,泄浊以促浊毒排泄。

3 运脾泄浊,合以成方

运脾泄浊方由党参、川芎、茯苓、萆薢、土茯苓、苍术、泽兰、车前子、薏苡仁、黄连、山慈菇、丹参、威灵仙、延胡索、桃仁、土鳖虫组成。其中党参健脾益肺、调运中气,且不燥不腻;川芎辛温走窜,走而不守,能上行头巅,下达血海,外彻皮毛,穿通四肢,为血中之气药;两药为君以增加机体排出湿、瘀、浊、毒的推动力。臣以茯苓、萆薢、土茯苓、薏苡仁健脾化湿、燥湿,减少体内湿邪的产生从而减轻湿邪的质量和来源;湿阻易化热,故臣以性淡渗之泽兰、车前子、薏苡仁清热化湿以畅通道路;臣以威灵仙通行十二经,祛表之风、化里之湿而通络止痛。佐以黄连、丹参、山慈菇以防湿、瘀积久化热。水不化则气难行,气不行则血易瘀,湿盛日久或反复发作难免伤及气血,导致瘀血停滞。故使以延胡索、桃仁、土鳖虫行血中瘀滞而畅道路,使浊毒有路可出。全方合用,使中州运而泄浊动力充足,湿、热化生乏源,瘀、毒排出之路得循且畅通。

运脾泄浊方中虽大部分药味经现代研究证实具有降尿酸作用,其作用机制或为抑制尿酸生成[12-13],或为促进尿酸排泄[14],亦或两者兼有[15-16],但全方并非是因此罗列而成。中药复方治疗疾病具有多靶点、多环节的网状药理作用。纵观此方,多为运脾化湿泄浊之品,亦不乏调上焦、畅下焦之味,意在稳固中州脾这一气机运化之枢纽地位,进而畅通三焦,三焦疏泄如常,异常代谢产物生化乏源并有路可出,升高之尿酸才得降低如故。如方中党参健脾益肺,合茯苓等健脾之味,使得脾气调畅,上可散精于肺,下可输精于膀胱;又如车前子清热祛痰、渗湿利尿,上可清肺,下可通利膀胱,以畅通道路令湿热得出。

何为“运脾”,此词并非张智龙教授首创,初由江育仁先生[17]提出,认为“欲使脾健,则不在补而贵在运”,首现于儿科[18],推广于妇科[19]、内科[20]等疾病,其关键在于“运”,非单指令脾气得健,亦旨在调动其自身积极运化之功能,以求生息运转不穷;同时,“运脾”并非专注于脾,脾居中州,上可承肺,下可启肾,心神、肝血亦与之密不可分,从五行而言,五脏之间的生化制约更是显而易见。唯有脾之运化功能正常,五脏功能才得顺利运转,水谷精微方能正常输布,气机气化方可如常,人体方可获健康无疾。诸药合用,补泻兼施,升降共调,润燥同用,故得温而不燥,补中虚,行气滞,畅道路,渗湿邪,泄浊瘀,使中州运而避湿邪化生之源,下焦畅令浊毒有路以出,浊瘀泄而不增伤正之机,从而运脾泄浊,使升高之尿酸得以复常。

4 典型病案

患者男性,13岁,2019年9月20日来诊。诉左足踝疼痛难忍1 d,局部未见红肿热象,时倦怠乏力,纳可,平素寐安,昨夜因疼痛无法安睡,大便溏,每日1行,小便调,舌暗淡,苔黄腻,脉沉滑。患者体胖,平素喜食肥甘、碳酸和含糖饮料,但饮水不多且运动量少。门诊查足踝局部X线光片未见明显骨质异常,查肾功能示血尿酸为547 μmol/L。西医诊断:高尿酸血症。中医诊断:痛痹证;辨证:脾虚浊盛证;治则:运脾泄浊,清热解毒。处方:运脾泄浊方:土茯苓60 g,萆薢20 g,党参15 g,茯苓20 g,薏苡仁30 g,泽泻20 g,黄柏15 g,苍术15 g,车前子30 g,威灵仙20 g,赤芍15 g,川芎15 g,桃仁15 g,延胡索15 g,土鳖虫10 g,山慈菇10 g,百合15 g,伸筋草15 g,透骨草15 g,每日1剂,水煎,早晚分服,嘱患者多饮水(每日≥2 000 mL)且适当减少肉类食物及饮料摄入,无需限制其他饮食量及种类。1周后复诊,诉左足踝疼痛服药1剂后明显缓解,3 d后疼痛全消,倦怠乏力之症缓解,纳可,寐安,大便仍不成形,每日2~3次。原方去百合、伸筋草、透骨草,继续服用1个月。2019年11月22日复诊血尿酸已降至309 μmol/L,自觉精力充沛,无疼痛之症,纳寐可,大便成形,每日2行,小便调,舌淡红,苔薄白,脉弦。停药,嘱平素多饮水,适当增加运动量,3个月后随访患者无临床不适感,查血尿酸316 μmol/L,波动在正常范围内。

按语:此患者来诊时左足踝疼痛难忍,除倦怠乏力、大便溏外无其他自觉不适之症。张智龙教授认为,患者舌暗淡,苔黄腻,脉沉滑,一派脾虚浊盛兼瘀热之象,脾虚则气血生化乏源,肢体诸节失于濡养,再加湿浊困于肢体故倦怠乏力,瘀热浊毒困于足踝则局部疼痛。患者虽血尿酸明显高于正常范围,但影像学表现并未见骨质异常,故不考虑痛风性关节炎,考虑其年幼病浅尚未形成痛风石;脾虚失运,清气不升则便溏。速治以运脾泄浊方以运脾泄浊、逐瘀排毒治其病本;苔黄提示体内有热,酌加伸筋草、透骨草以清热解毒利关节而止疼痛之标;酌加百合清心安神。服药3 d而痛止,服药2个月而获全效,并嘱患者戒除饮食不节、惰于运动等伤脾之举。

5 结语

张智龙教授法不拘常,审证求因以治其本,采用运脾泄浊法,从脾虚浊盛入手,运脾调脾、化湿化瘀、泄浊排毒,临证自拟运脾泄浊方补其正而泄其瘀,治疗高尿酸血症效佳。此法适用于脾虚浊盛型高尿酸血症,无论男女、何年龄阶段,疗效皆可,且除要求多饮水(每日≥3 000 mL,少年儿童当酌情减少)外,无需刻意限制饮食种类及数量。临证表明,凡脾虚浊盛之糖尿病、高脂血症、高黏滞血症、高胆固醇血症、高血压病、肥胖症等疾病,以及头痛、眩晕、胸痹等属于脾虚浊盛者,用之皆可取得良效。同时需告知患者服用此方后可能出现大便次数增多现象,勿需担心,大便每日2~3行对人体更为有益,此亦为邪有出路之象,因桃仁等活血化瘀药有间接的泄浊通便作用,可使湿、瘀、浊、毒经肠道由粪便排出,形成有益于人体的良性循环。

此方创立的初衷在于调节脾虚浊盛之体,从根本上杜绝高尿酸血症等代谢性疾的发生,若逢痛风性关节炎或痛风性肾病急性发作,为尽快缓解疼痛,建议口服秋水仙碱片合吲哚美辛片或其他对症药物,并大量饮水以促进尿酸的排出以治其标,配合此方以调其本。张智龙教授广读医书,博采众长,融汇医理,临证治疗高尿酸血症注重调理脾之运化,顺其本身生理特性而立法组方用药,遵从机体的运行规律辨证施治,三焦同调,湿瘀浊毒并治,以祛病疗疾,故可创新立异,取得临床佳效。

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Analysis of the experience of Professor ZHANG Zhilong using Yunpi Xiezhuo Recipe in the treatment of hyperuricemia
WANG Man , DING Yajie     
Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin 300120, China
Abstract: Professor ZHANG Zhilong's syndrome differentiation and treatment of hyperuricemia is based on the analysis of the cause of the syndrome. The diagnosis and treatment of hyperuricemia are blamed on the spleen. The law is unconventional, and both spleen deficiency and turbidity are the core pathogenesis of hyperuricemia, wet, stasis, turbidity, and poison are susceptible factors and the pathological product of hyperuricemia. He proposed that yunpi xiezhuo is the fundamental method for the treatment of hyperuricemia, and raised the Yunpi Xiezhuo Recipe. The prescription contains both supplement and reducing methods, uses both moistening and drying drugs, controls both elevating and descending condition, supplements the middle jiao deficiency, regulates qi stagnation, unblocks the passage, cleans the dampness evil, excretes the turbid stasis, which prevents dampness evil blocking middle zhou transportation and give the turbid poison in upper zhou way out, leading turbid stasis cleaned, the function of spleen recovery, so that the elevated uric acid can be normalized. The clinical effect is satisfactory which provides new ideas and methods for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
Key words: hyperuricemia    Yunpi Xiezhuo Recipe    ZHANG Zhilong