天津中医药  2022, Vol. 39 Issue (5): 656-662

文章信息

刘宇, 马茜, 王哲
LIU Yu, MA Qian, WANG Zhe
基于数据挖掘和网络药理学探讨房颤的用药规律及核心药物作用机制
Prescription rules and mechanism of core drugs in the treatment of atrial fibrillation based on data mining and network pharmacology
天津中医药, 2022, 39(5): 656-662
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 39(5): 656-662
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2022.05.23

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-11-30
基于数据挖掘和网络药理学探讨房颤的用药规律及核心药物作用机制
刘宇 , 马茜 , 王哲     
天津中医药大学第一附属医院,国家针灸临床医学研究中心,天津 300381
摘要:[目的] 基于现代文献挖掘中医药治疗心房颤动(简称房颤)的用药规律及核心药物,并探讨核心药物的作用机制。[方法] 检索、筛选中国知网、维普、万方数据库中的文献,收集治疗房颤的中药处方,应用中医传承辅助平台软件(2.5版)对符合纳入标准的处方进行中药频次、性味、归经、四气、五味的分类统计,挖掘中药治疗房颤的用药规律,通过药物组合的关联规则分析挖掘治疗房颤的核心药物;将核心药物输入到BATMAN-TCM系统,对核心药物进行疾病富集、KEGG通路分析,绘制靶点-通路-疾病网络可视图,探析核心药物治疗房颤的作用机制。[结果] 根据纳排标准,共纳入符合条件的处方220首,涉及中药222味,药用频数≥30次的中药有24味,排名前10位的中药分别为甘草、麦冬、丹参、黄芪、五味子、酸枣仁、当归、牡蛎、党参、桂枝。药物四气以温、寒、平为主,五味以甘、苦、辛为主。归经排名前3位的是心、肝、脾。通过关联规则分析,得到处方中使用频数≥40次的药物组合13对,包含麦冬、五味子、甘草、龙骨、牡蛎、黄芪、丹参、酸枣仁、桂枝9味中药;得到药物组合规则14条,分别为:甘草、五味子->麦冬,龙骨->牡蛎,五味子->麦冬,牡蛎->龙骨,桂枝->甘草,麦冬、甘草->五味子,麦冬、五味子->甘草,麦冬->五味子,五味子->甘草,酸枣仁->麦冬,牡蛎->甘草,酸枣仁->甘草,麦冬->甘草,五味子->麦冬、甘草;挖掘出治疗房颤的核心药物为:麦冬、五味子、甘草、龙骨、牡蛎、黄芪、丹参、酸枣仁、桂枝。KEGG通路分析发现这9味核心药物的富集疾病与房颤相关的有12种,潜在信号通路36条。[结论] 临床治疗房颤药物多以益气养阴、活血安神药为主,核心药物治疗房颤的作用机制可能与丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路、钙离子信号通路、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路和磷脂酰肌醇激酶-蛋白激酶B(PI3K-Akt)信号通路有关。
关键词房颤    数据挖掘    网络药理学    用药规律    

心房颤动(AF)简称房颤,是由心房主导折返环引起许多小折返环导致的房律紊乱,是一种常见的心血管流行病。西医对房颤的发病机制尚未完全明确,研究认为房颤的产生可能与电生理机制(多发子波折返、局灶触发机制、局灶激动、rotor学说)和病理生理机制(电重构、结构重构、收缩性重构、炎症、氧化应激、分子遗传学、神经内分泌、自主神经系统)等有关[1]。目前西医治疗房颤,主要包括药物治疗、非药物治疗两种手段,药物治疗方面,主要应用抗心律失常药物,而此类药物的转复、维持窦性心律的作用有限,且存在不良反应[2]。非药物治疗主要是射频消融术,虽对部分患者可暂时有效,但后期复发概率较高,且治疗费用高,因此在临床中尚未得以推广[3]。应用中医药治疗在改善房颤患者的临床症状、提高患者生活质量方面显示出了一定的优势。本文检索整理了中国知网、维普、万方数据库中收录的关于中药治疗房颤的临床文献,通过辅助平台软件对文献中记载的方药进行分析,以挖掘中医药治疗房颤的用药规律及核心药物,并通过使用BATMAN-TCM系统分析核心药物可能的作用靶点、信号通路,以期为房颤的临床治疗及新药研发提供参考。

1 资料与方法 1.1 文献检索策略

以“房颤”合并“中医”,“房颤”合并“中药”为检索词,在中国知网、维普、万方数据库中进行全文检索,手动筛选出符合纳入标准的文献,共计220篇。

1.2 文献纳入标准

1)临床研究报道(包括RCT和临床验案报道)。2)明确诊断为房颤。3)采用中药(包括方剂和中成药)治疗。4)方药记载完整。

1.3 文献排除标准

1)动物实验研究文献。2)重复发表的文献纳入发表时间最早的1篇。3)重复使用同一方剂的文献,仅纳入1篇。4)中药配合其他中医疗法(如针灸、耳针、按摩、推拿等)治疗房颤的文献。

1.4 数据处理

参照全国高等中医药院校规划教材《中药学》[4],对处方中出现的以产地、译音、炮制方法等命名的中药、使用别名的中药进行规范化处理,统计时对药名进行统一,举例:“仙灵脾”统一为“淫羊藿”,“云苓”统一为“茯苓”,“瓜蒌皮”统一为“瓜蒌”等。为确保数据录入的准确性,将筛选、规范化后的处方由两名研究者录入到中医传承辅助平台软件V2.5,录入过程中,对每个方剂中的中药逐个进行核对。

1.5 数据分析

使用中医药传承辅助平台V2.5对数据进行频数描述及关联规则分析,根据纳入的处方总数以及用药频次,设置支持度为40,置信度为0.6,对用药规律进行分析、挖掘核心药物,并制作相关表格;将核心药物输入到中药作用机制在线分析体系BATMAN-TCM[5],进行核心药物的疾病富集、KEGG通路分析,绘制靶点-通路-疾病网络可视图,探析核心药物治疗房颤的可能作用机制。

2 结果 2.1 用药频次统计

将文献筛选获得的220首处方进行统计,共涉及222味中药,其中有24味中药使用频数≥30次,见表 1。排名靠前的中药包括:甘草(频数117次)、麦冬(频数103次)、丹参(频数93次)、黄芪(频数87次)、五味子(频数80次)等。

表 1 治疗房颤药用频数≥30次的中药 Tab. 1 Chinese medicines with medicinal frequency≥30 times for atrial fibrillation
2.2 药物基本信息统计

对涉及到的222味中药进行四气、五味、归经的统计分析,发现温性药使用最多(频数901次,频率37.71%),其次为寒性药物(频数729次,频率30.51%);五味以甘(频数1 433次,频率38.87%)、苦(频数1 021次,频率27.69%)、辛(频数754次,频率20.45%)为主,见表 2。药物归经占前3位的依次是心(频数1 285次,频率19.36%)、肝(频数1 096次,频率16.51%)、脾(频数983次,频率14.81%),见表 3

表 2 治疗房颤药物的四气、五味统计表 Tab. 2 Statistical table of four properties and five flavors of drugs for atrial fibrillation
表 3 治疗房颤药物的归经频次统计表 Tab. 3 Statistical table of meridian tropism frequency of drugs for atrial fibrillation
2.3 治疗房颤药物的关联规则分析

点击中医传承辅助平台的“药物模式”,得到药物组合13对,见表 4。排名前3位的是麦冬-五味子(71次),麦冬-甘草(66次),甘草-五味子(55次);点击“规则分析”,得到药物组合规则14条,见表 5。涉及中药麦冬、五味子、甘草、龙骨、黄芪、丹参、牡蛎、桂枝、酸枣仁,共计9味。点击“网络展示”功能,得到9味中药之间的网络展示图,见图 1

表 4 治疗房颤药物中使用频数≥40次的药物组合表 Tab. 4 Drug combinations with frequency≥40 times in the treatment of atrial fibrillation
表 5 治疗房颤药物组合关联规则表 Tab. 5 Association rules of drug combinations for the treatment of atrial fibrillation
图 1 核心药物组合展示图(频数≥40次,置信度≥0.6) Fig. 1 Core drug combinations display figure (frequency≥ 40 times, confidence≥0.6)
2.4 应用BATMAN-TCM系统分析核心药物治疗房颤的潜在作用机制 2.4.1 分析核心药物的疾病富集

将“Score cutoff”设为80,“Adjust P-value”设为0.05,发现核心药物富集的疾病共有356种,其中与房颤有关的有12种,见表 6

表 6 核心药物富集的与房颤有关的疾病 Tab. 6 Diseases related to atrial fibrillation in core drugs enrichment
2.4.2 分析核心药物治疗房颤潜在的信号通路

在潜在靶点的生物信息学分析结果中,核心药物富集的KEGG信号通路有36条,其中潜在参与房颤的通路13条,见表 7。核心药物的部分靶点-通路-疾病网络可视图,见图 2(compositive compound用八边形代表,drug target用五角星代表,KEGG pathway用圆形代表,OMIM disease用红色正方形代表,TTD disease用绿色正方形代表)。

表 7 核心药物潜在参与房颤的信号通路 Tab. 7 Potential signaling pathways of core drugs involved in atrial fibrillation
图 2 靶点-通路-疾病网络可视图 Fig. 2 Target-pathway-disease network viewable figure
3 讨论

当前国内关于房颤流行病学的大型研究很少,2004年的1项研究调查发现:中国房颤的总体患病率为0.77%,标准化后为0.61%[6],且西医对该病发病机制的认识尚不完全清楚。依据房颤临床表现,中医学将其归为“心悸” “怔忡”等范畴,也有学者将其归为“络病”的范畴,指出“络虚不容”为基本病机,气阴两虚是发病之本,络虚不荣为基本病理环节,脉络瘀阻为主要影响因素[7]。国家中医药管理局中医诊疗方案中,将老年阵发性房颤归为气阴两虚证、气虚血瘀证、痰热内扰证、心虚胆怯证4种证型。有研究表明:房颤中医证候要素有:血瘀、气虚、痰浊、阴虚、热蕴、肾虚、水停、阳虚[8]。也有学者[9]认为心气虚和心阴虚是本病的内因。尽管不同的医家对房颤的辨证分型和遣方用药上存在不同,但对病因病机的总体认识上以“本虚标实”为主,治疗上以益气养阴、活血安神为基本原则。

通过对220首处方的用药规律分析得出,使用频数≥30次的中药24味,其中甘草、黄芪、党参、桂枝、人参、白术具有补气助阳功效,麦冬、五味子、生地黄、白芍具有滋阴作用,丹参、当归、川芎、赤芍、红花具有活血功效,酸枣仁、牡蛎、龙骨、茯苓、柏子仁、远志具有安神之效,苦参、半夏、甘松具有行气燥湿之功。这些常用的中药具有益气养阴,活血安神之功,符合中医辨治房颤的治疗原则。药物性味分析结果显示,治疗房颤的中药以温性药为主,频率为37.71%;药味以甘(频率为38.87%)、苦(频率为27.69%)味药为主;补气药性味多甘、温,味甘能补益;补阴药多为甘寒之品,能清热者,可有苦味;味苦能泄,入血分,行血活血;性温能通行,可行气、散结、活血。

关联规则显示:处方中使用频数≥40次的药物组合为益气、养阴、活血、安神类方剂的常用药对,如:麦冬-五味子,麦冬-酸枣仁,这提示益气养阴、活血安神为房颤的基本治法。根据药物使用频次,结合药物组合的关联规则分析得出治疗房颤的核心药物为:麦冬、五味子、甘草、龙骨、牡蛎、黄芪、丹参、酸枣仁、桂枝。

通过网络药理学方法分析核心药物麦冬、五味子、甘草、龙骨、牡蛎、黄芪、丹参、酸枣仁、桂枝治疗房颤潜在的作用机制,结果发现在核心药物所富集的13条与房颤相关的信号通路中,最有可能发挥作用的是:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路、钙离子信号通路、雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路和磷脂酰肌醇激酶-蛋白激酶B(PI3K-Akt)信号通路。近年来,随着中药组分研究的发展,中药主要有效成分治疗房颤的作用机制越来越清晰和明确。丝裂原激活蛋白酶是哺乳动物细胞内广泛存在的一类丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,p38MAPK为其中一种,并与多种疾病发生机制密切相关;有研究证实,与窦性心律相比,房颤患者心肌局部磷酸化p38MAPK水平明显升高,据此认为MAPK途径的激活可能是心房纤维化的分子基础[10-11];此外,有研究表明,肝细胞生长因子和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子通过MAPK信号通路调节心房颤动患者的心房纤维化[12],丹参酮ⅡA可通过MAPK信号通路维持心肌离子通道的稳态[13]

房颤早期电重构的重要基础是主要包括Na+电流、K+电流和Ca2+电流在内的离子电流的变化,有研究认为,在介导房颤短期或长期的电重构方面,钙超载起重要作用,是首要因素,在患病早期,Ca2+通道的开放增加导致Ca2+内流增加,进而引起钙超载,随着病程的发展,肌浆网对Ca2+的释放能力增加、摄取能力降低,维持钙超载状态,从而介导心房的电重构[14-17],有研究对桂枝甘草汤及其拆方桂枝和甘草进行电生理实验,发现3组含药血清均可抑制钙离子通道,发挥抗心律失常作用[18]。酸枣仁皂苷A、黄芪总黄酮和丹参酮ⅡA皆可抑制心肌细胞的钙超载[19]

最近的1项应用GSEA对人心房组织的微阵列分析表明,房颤患者与非房颤患者相比,mTOR通路受到抑制,mTOR通路是通过压力过载和代谢扰动来适应环境变化的关键接口,mTOR通路参与了房颤的发病机制[20]。PI3K-Akt信号通路是由膜受体信号向细胞内转导的重要途径,在心血管保护过程中发挥关键性作用[21-22],有研究表明,敲除小鼠PI3K基因,可导致PI3K-Akt信号通路活性降低,增加心肌纤维化程,并造成心房肌细胞膜上的钾离子通道表达下调,从而使房颤易感性显著增强。炙甘草汤可通过上调PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的表达以抗心律失常[23-25]。以上9中药物可能通过上述主要4种信号通路发挥治疗房颤的多靶点作用效果。

综上所述,本文通过运用中医传承辅助平台挖掘中药治疗房颤的用药规律及核心药物,发现房颤的治疗以应用具有益气养阴、活血安神作用的药物为主,并运用网络药理学预测核心药物治疗房颤可能的作用靶点、信号通路,旨在为临床应用中药治疗房颤、新药研发和基础研究提供参考。本文不足之处为因文献数量有限,故未对不同类型的房颤,例如阵发性房颤、持续性房颤和永久性房颤之间,瓣膜性房颤和非瓣膜性房颤之间的证型和用药进行对比和讨论。

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Prescription rules and mechanism of core drugs in the treatment of atrial fibrillation based on data mining and network pharmacology
LIU Yu , MA Qian , WANG Zhe     
First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
Abstract: [Objective] Based on the modern literatures, to explore the prescription rules and core drugs of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) and to explore the action mechanism of core drugs. [Methods] The literatures in CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang databases were searched, and the prescriptions for the treatment of atrial fibrillation were collected. The TCM transmission aid platform software (version 2.5) was used to classify and count the prescriptions that met the inclusion criteria in terms of frequency, nature and flavor, meridian tropism, four properties and five flavors of TCM, to excavate the prescription rules of TCM for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, and to excavate the core drugs for the treatment of atrial fibrillation through the association rule analysis of drug combinations. The core drugs were entered into the BATMAN-TCM system, to conduct disease enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis of the core drugs, and the target-pathway-disease network was drawn to explore the action mechanism of core drugs in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. [Results] According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 220 qualified prescriptions were included, involving 222 Chinese medicine, 24 Chinese medicine with a frequency of ≥30 times, and the top 10 Chinese medicine were glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, ophiopogonis radix, salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma, astragali radix, schisandrea chinensis, ziziphi spinosae semen, angelicae sinensis radix, ostreae concha, codonopsis radix, cinnamomi ramulus. Four properties were mostly warm, cold, flat; the five flavors were mostly sweet, bitter, pungent. The top three meridians are heart, liver and spleen. Through association rule analysis, 13 pairs of drug combinations with the use frequency≥20 times in the prescriptions were obtained, including 9 Chinese medicine: ophiopogonis radix, schisandrea chinensis, glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, fossilia ossis mastodi, ostreae concha, astragali radix, salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma, ziziphi spinosae semen, cinnamomi ramulus. Six drug combination rules were obtained, namely: glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, schisandrea chinensis->ophiopogonis radix, fossilia ossis mastodi->ostreae concha, schisandrea chinensis->ophiopogonis radix, ostreae concha->fossilia ossis mastodi, cinnamomi ramulus->glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, ophiopogonis radix, glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma->schisandrea chinensis, ophiopogonis radix, schisandrea chinensis->glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, ophiopogonis radix->schisandrea chinensis, schisandrea chinensis->glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, ziziphi spinosae semen->ophiopogonis radix, ostreae concha->glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, ziziphi spinosae semen->glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, ophiopogonis radix->glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, schisandrea chinensis->ophiopogonis radix, glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma. The core drugs for the treatment of atrial fibrillation were found as follows: ophiopogonis radix, schisandrea chinensis, glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma, Longgu, ostreae concha, astragali radix, codonopsis radix, ziziphi spinosae semen, cinnamomi ramulus. KEGG pathway analysis found that the enrichment of these 9 core drugs was associated with atrial fibrillation in 12 kinds of diseases and 36 potential signaling pathways. [Conclusion] Most of the drugs used in the clinical treatment of atrial fibrillation are based on supplementing qi and nourishing yin, activating blood and tranquilizing mind. The action mechanism of the core drugs in the treatment of atrial fibrillation may be related to mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) signaling pathway and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway.
Key words: atrial fibrillation    data mining    network pharmacology    medication rule