天津中医药  2022, Vol. 39 Issue (7): 841-845

文章信息

郭安, 张硕, 封继宏, 付鲲, 周胜元, 雒明池
GUO An, ZHANG Shuo, FENG Jihong, FU Kun, ZHOU Shengyuan, LUO Mingchi
从肺炎病程的新认识探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎中西医结合康复实践
To explore the rehabilitation practice of integtated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for COVID-19 from the new understanding of the course of pneumonia
天津中医药, 2022, 39(7): 841-845
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 39(7): 841-845
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2022.07.07

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-02-25
从肺炎病程的新认识探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎中西医结合康复实践
郭安1 , 张硕2 , 封继宏2 , 付鲲3 , 周胜元4 , 雒明池5     
1. 天津中医药大学研究生院, 天津 301617;
2. 天津中医药大学第二附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科, 天津 300250;
3. 天津中医药大学第二附属医院科研科, 天津 300250;
4. 天津中医药大学第二附属医院治未病科, 天津 300250;
5. 天津中医药大学第二附属医院, 天津 300250
摘要:新型冠状病毒肺炎恢复期后遗症问题引起医学界重视,基于“肺炎并不是单纯急性事件,而是以急性期为主要矛盾的多系统慢性持续性疾病”的肺炎病程新认识,结合张伯礼教授提出的全周期干预的新型冠状病毒肺炎中西医结合康复治疗原则,根据新型冠状病毒的致病特点与新型冠状病毒肺炎恢复期的病机特点,主张采取“清”“透”“养”三法并施,以清中有透、透中兼养,调平调衡改善患者整体状况,恢复机体“阴平阳谧”状态。以期指导临床,为新型冠状病毒肺炎恢复期康复指导提供新的思路。为新型冠状病毒肺炎的康复治疗贡献中国力量,发挥中医药在新型冠状病毒肺炎康复治疗中的独到优势。
关键词新型冠状病毒肺炎    中西医结合    康复    全病程    

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是一种以发热、咳嗽、乏力为主要临床表现的呼吸系统传染性疾病。截至2021年11月初,全球已有累计超过2.5亿人感染,其中约20%在感染后进一步转为中重度感染甚至危重症(约1%~2%)[1],研究发现新型冠状病毒感染可分为3个时期:急性感染期、多系统炎症期、后遗症恢复期[2]。COVID-19患者在出院后仍然存在长时期、多系统的后遗症,严重影响患者生活质量。COVID-19患者出院后的遗留症状主要包括呼吸系统后遗症,如咳嗽、心肺运动耐量降低、间质性肺损害等[3-4];循环系统后遗症,如高血压、心力衰竭和心律失常等[5-7];神经系统后遗症,如嗅觉减退、认知障碍等[8-9];心理和认知障碍有关的后遗症,如焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍等[10-11]。大部分患者出院6个月后仍可存在疲劳、睡眠障碍、焦虑或抑郁、肾功能损伤等症状[12]。随着毒株突变、应急反应能力的提升、临床救治手段的提高,患者的生存率逐步升高,改善COVID-19患者的功能障碍逐渐成为研究焦点。文章通过分析COVID-19的致病特点及古代医家对疫病的认识结合现代医家在COVID-19后遗症恢复期的康复经验,基于肺炎病程的新认识,提出COVID-19 “瘥后防复”的中西医结合康复实践原则及措施,以期降低该病的不良后遗症,改善疾病预后,为临床提供新的思路与方法。

1 肺炎病程的新认识

无论是传统感染性疾病社区获得性肺炎,还是新型感染性疾病COVID-19,患者感染初期均面临着病原体入侵、内化、繁殖以及伴随而来的炎症反应。如果这一状态不能被机体免疫系统抑制,形成炎症风暴则进一步导致多脏器衰竭,成为全球疾病负担的主要原因[12]。既往针对感染性疾病的研究多侧重于急性阶段,认为感染性疾病是一种孤立的急性事件;而最新研究则发现肺炎增加了罹患慢性疾病的风险,加速其他并发症进展和反复感染的风险[13]。因此课题组基于“肺炎并不是单纯的急性事件,而是以急性期为主要矛盾的多系统慢性持续性疾病”的肺炎病程新认识,主张肺炎是包括急性感染期、多系统炎症期、后遗症恢复期的全病程观念。其对机体的损害不局限于肺炎急性期,急性期过后所诱发的机体免疫稳态破坏、持续低度炎症和微循环障碍等均将持续影响身体机能,带来多器官损伤,存在二次感染的风险,且与基础病相互影响导致恶性循环[14]。因此治疗的重点不能局限在急性期损伤,更要着眼于整体功能的恢复与改善,调平调衡,恢复机体“阴平阳谧”状态,“瘥后防复”以治未病。

2 基于肺炎病程新认识的中西医康复治疗原则 2.1 先期干预

先期干预是指在疾病病势变化前就施以治疗的原则,是“趋势辨治”的重要体现,COVID-19病势危急,病情危重,多数患者从轻症到重症的转化过程迅速而隐秘。其康复介入时间窗口短、康复介入手段缺乏,后续变证复杂多变,因此课题组依据“健康中国2030”规划纲要提出的“早诊断,早治疗,早康复”的思想[15]。主张在COVID-19的康复治疗中,中西医结合康复治疗应尽早介入,在COVID-19患者入院伊始,即对患者功能障碍进行评估,主要包括:呼吸功能评估、躯体功能评估、心理功能评估、日常生活能力评估等,对患者病情评估后由多学科专家组制定“个体化”的中西医结合康复治疗方案,讲解康复训练方案并详细示范,如功法训练(八段锦、太极拳等);呼吸肌康复训练(如腹式呼吸训练、缩唇呼吸训练、对抗阻力呼吸训练);躯体功能训练(如力量训练、柔韧性训练)等[16]。提倡康复与临床救治同步进行,形成“临床-康复一体化”的局面,这是COVID-19康复的先决条件,亦是制胜关键,通过先期康复干预,将疾病控制在初步阶段,减少后遗症,为进一步治疗及康复创造机会[17]。邓彪等[18]在COVID-19机械通气患者的治疗初期即采取中西医肺康复干预措施,康复第3天氧合指数(P/F)均能上升至200 mm Hg(1 mm Hg≈0.133 kPa)以上,平均住院日远低于重症COVID-19的平均住院时间。

2.2 全程干预

全程干预是指康复干预应贯穿疾病始终,而不是仅仅局限于某一时期。COVID-19急性期所引发的急性损伤与患者的基础病相互影响,迁延不愈造成患者生理功能恢复受限,因此COVID-19后遗症的康复是一个漫长的过程,康复治疗应贯穿于疾病全过程,即全程干预[19]。课题组主张建立完整的三级康复网络,一级康复指在COVID-19诊疗医院对患者进行初步、早期的床旁康复治疗,依靠专业收治医院控制COVID-19急性期间的功能障碍;二级康复治疗是指根据患者的主要后遗症而安排患者去相应的康复中心进行康复治疗,制定个体化的康复方案,依靠专业康复中心提供肺康复、躯体康复、心理康复等方面的指导;三级康复是指经康复师评估后,COVID-19患者在社区和家中进行康复治疗,这一时期的主要康复手段包括中医功法锻炼及呼吸肌康复等,可参考《新型冠状病毒肺炎出院患者中西医结合康复指导》[20],帮助患者建立个性化的康复方案,强化患者的健康意识、规范患者的生活方式。各系统“分部门、细职能、全时段”参与到COVID-19后遗症的康复治疗之中。三级联动的全程康复可更有效分配医疗资源,有利于推动康复患者流转途径,为COVID-19患者的全程康复提供“无缝式”指导。

2.3 多学科干预

多学科干预是指多学科合作团队共同参与到COVID-19康复过程中,通过各学科专业人员的戮力协作对COVID-19患者实施康复治疗,目的在于建立更科学全面的COVID-19康复计划,提高COVID-19患者的康复锻炼依从性及康复效果,进一步提高患者的生存质量。基于COVID-19患者康复需求,临床收治机构需建立多学科康复小组,包含肺康复、心脏康复、心理康复、运动康复等多个领域的专业技术人员[21],制定符合患者个性化的康复治疗方案,并进行后续康复评估以及康复中心的推荐。其所涉及的康复介入手段也包括中西医的各个领域,针灸、推拿、传统功法、中药贴敷、熏洗等中医手段与呼吸肌康复、神经康复等现代康复方法均可以发挥所长,通过多维度、多手段的康复介入手段,使生理功能尽快恢复正常。相关临床试验研究结果显示[22-24],多学科合作制定的综合性肺康复方案能有效改善多种肺系疾病患者的呼吸困难、营养水平、运动耐力及焦虑情况,提高生活质量。

3 基于肺炎病程新认识的中西医康复核心治法

课题组依据COVID-19 “湿毒胶结,郁闭气机”的急性期核心病机以及“气虚血瘀”的新冠肺炎恢复期核心病机[25]。提出“清”“透”“养”的COVID-19中西医康复核心治法,清化痰瘀以疏机通络;透散毒邪以防“灰中有火”;养正培元以“瘥后防复”。需要明确的是“清”“透”“养”三法并不是孤立的,而是相互协调、互为助力的,清法之施为化其痰瘀、清净肺窍诸脏;透法之施为开达肌表、舒畅表里三焦;养法之施为培元固本,杜绝复发之机。清中有透、透中兼养。互为犄角而奏标本同治,表里双解之功。

3.1 清化痰瘀,调畅气机

相关组织学检查发现[26],COVID-19引发肺损伤的主要机制在于炎症风暴产生的过度自由基损伤肺泡,机体过度修复,形成纤维细胞增值与细胞外基质富集的成纤维状态,诱发肺间质损伤,而肺间质损伤导致的肺功能下降又是新冠后遗症中危害最大、时间最长的后遗症之一。中医对这一病理阶段主要从痰浊、瘀血两个方面来进行认识[27-28]。认为痰浊瘀血痹阻肺窍,影响气机宣化,不能调达,从而形成恶性循环。针对这一病机,课题组主张在COVID-19康复治疗中,酌情加用涤痰化瘀之法,中草药如半夏、丹参等;成方如桃红四物汤、二陈汤等;穴位如三阴交、丰隆、血海等;现代康复技术如有助于排痰的气道廓清技术;防止血栓形成的间歇性充气加压护理等,可以改善肺间质病变,增加机体血氧水平,改善机体慢性缺氧状态,恢复整体功能。相关药理学研究认为,涤痰化瘀类中药的主要作用在于调节机体免疫,通过细胞吞噬作用、清除炎症损伤细胞,从而改善炎症后状态。杨彦伟等[29]通过采取益气化痰、活血通络法治疗COVID-19恢复期核酸复阳患者,在改善症状、促进核酸转阴方面取得满意疗效。

3.2 透散余邪,祛邪外出

“伏邪”一词出自吴又可《温疫论》,伏邪指外感邪气侵袭机体,逾时而发。COVID-19的发病初期具有潜伏性,部分COVID-19患者出院后可出现再次发热、核酸检测的“复阳”现象,这符合伏邪发病的特点,可能与新型冠状病毒的生物学特性、患者免疫功能低下、基础疾病严重等因素有关。但不论是何种因素,均表明了新冠病毒“伏留于内,不能透达”的病机特点[30-31]。提示COVID-19恢复期存在“余邪未清”的情况,因此在COVID-19的全程康复治疗中,课题组主张重视“透法”的应用,透达内伏之邪,绝“灰中之火”,以杜复燃之机。在药物的选取方面,可酌情选用蝉蜕、僵蚕、藿香等芳香清透之品,宣泄余邪,透达肺窍,以祛达余邪。成方如升降散等亦可酌情配伍;刮痧、拔罐等有助于畅泄余邪的中医外治康复方法亦可选用。现代药理研究发现[32],升降散复方具有退热、抗病毒、减轻气道炎症、抑制炎症反应造成的急性肺损伤等多方面的药效学作用。

3.3 培元固本,瘥后防复

吴又可于《温疫论》中言“本气充满,邪不易入,本气适逢亏欠,呼吸之间外邪因而乘之”,指出人体正气在疫病发生、发展和转归中的重要作用。从肺炎病程的新认识看,患者的基础病是肺炎的重要始发基础,COVID-19的炎症后状态又是慢性基础病急性加重的危险因素,两者互为因果形成恶性循环。因此在COVID-19后遗症期应重视对基础病的康复与治疗,益气补虚、培元固本以改善基础状态,对于预防肺炎发作,改善预后均有重要意义。因此课题组主张在COVID-19患者的治疗中,酌情选用扶正培元之品,中草药如黄芪、人参、熟地黄等;成方如四君子汤、玉屏风散等;中成药如清感饮系列制剂等[33];穴位如关元、足三里、百会等;现代康复技术如日常生活能力训练,建立契合患者个体性的运动处方,对于肌力减退的患者着重进行力量训练及作业治疗训练,对于呼吸困难的患者注重进行呼吸肌力量训练、呼吸体操训练等[34]。方邦江教授基于“急性虚证”理论,制定“全程扶正”的COVID-19治疗方案,在住院时间、抗生素使用、医疗费用方面较单纯西医治疗有明显优势。相关药理研究亦显示人参单体可以通过多靶点作用,调节机体促炎/抗炎因子的失衡。使患者由炎症风暴后的“无序状态”恢复到“阴平阳谧”的和合状态[35]

4 讨论

COVID-19起病急、病势猛、传播广,COVID-19患者在经过救治后仍存在部分后遗症。且COVID-19后遗症的出现也会严重影响患者的生活质量。因此基于“肺炎并不是单纯的急性事件,而是以急性期为主要矛盾的多系统慢性持续性疾病”的肺炎病程新认识。课题组结合张伯礼教授提出的全周期干预理念,主张中西医结合、早期、全程、多学科、多手段共同参与到新冠肺炎康复治疗之中,以实施科学全面的中西医结合康复实践方案,发挥中医药“辨证论治”“治未病”“整体观念”的COVID-19康复治疗优势,以清透养3法并施,表里标本并治,改善疾病预后,为COVID-19的康复治疗贡献中国力量,发挥中西医结合在COVID-19康复治疗中的独到优势。最终达到COVID-19患者早期康复、全程康复、系统康复的目的,以清其本源、瘥后防复。

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To explore the rehabilitation practice of integtated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for COVID-19 from the new understanding of the course of pneumonia
GUO An1 , ZHANG Shuo2 , FENG Jihong2 , FU Kun3 , ZHOU Shengyuan4 , LUO Mingchi5     
1. The Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
2. Department of Respiratory and Crtical Care Medicine, Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, China;
3. Department of Scientific Research, Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, China;
4. Department of Preventive Medicine, Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, China;
5. Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, China
Abstract: In the recovery phase of COVID-19, sequelae appeared early, affected widely and affected for a long time. The research group based on the new understanding that "pneumonia is, not a simple acute event, a multi-system chronic and persistent disease with acute stage as the main contradiction". The principles of early intervention, whole-course intervention and multidisciplinary intervention for COVID-19 rehabilitation by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine were proposed by Professor ZHANG Boli. According to the pathogenic characteristics of novel coronavirus and the pathogenesis of COVID-19 recovery, it is suggested to adopt the three methods of "qing" "tou" and "yang" simultaneously. Adjust balance to improve the overall condition of patients, restore the body health. In order to guide clinical practice and provide new ideas for rehabilitation guidance during the convalescence period of COVID-19. To contribute China's strength to COVID-19 rehabilitation and give play to the unique advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in COVID-19 rehabilitation and treatment.
Key words: COVID-19    traditional Chinese and western medicine    rehabilitation    whole course of the disease