天津中医药  2023, Vol. 40 Issue (1): 51-56

文章信息

郝娜, 徐致远, 唐好知, 渠雅君, 李婉雯, 郑笑男
HAO Na, XU Zhiyuan, TANG Haozhi, QU Yajun, LI Wanwen, ZHENG Xiaonan
辨证论治慢性肾衰竭患者胃肠道症状的理论探讨
Theoretical discussion on treating gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure based on syndrome differentiation
天津中医药, 2023, 40(1): 51-56
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 40(1): 51-56
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2023.01.11

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-10-11
辨证论治慢性肾衰竭患者胃肠道症状的理论探讨
郝娜1 , 徐致远1 , 唐好知1 , 渠雅君1 , 李婉雯1 , 郑笑男2     
1. 天津中医药大学第一附属医院, 国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心, 天津 300381;
2. 天津市中医药研究院附属医院, 天津 300120
摘要:消化系统症状作为贯穿慢性肾衰竭(CRF)病程始终的重要临床表现,病机多变,临床治疗复杂。胃肠道症状严重与否是影响CRF患者预后的危险因素之一。中医认为CRF患者脾肾虚损,中焦运化功能失和,或又因肝失疏泄,气机升降失调,导致消化系统一系列症状如恶心呕吐,呃逆嗳气等产生。脏腑失和,痰湿瘀血内生,日久成毒,进一步加重消化道症状。久则因实致虚,脾胃虚弱至气血阴阳俱虚。故治疗上以扶正祛邪为主要原则,强调通调气机、泄浊排毒、攻补兼施,多脏腑联合论治,在临床中取得了显著效果。本文通过进一步总结中医辨证论治CRF消化系统症状临床经验,为CRF患者胃肠道症状治疗提供新的思路与方法。
关键词慢性肾功能衰竭    消化系统症状    理论探讨    

慢性肾衰竭(CRF)在中国患病率约10.8%,年发病率约0.3%[1],且呈逐年上升趋势,是慢性肾脏病(CKD)等进展性肾疾患的最终结局。由于各种原发或继发性慢性肾脏病,加之高血压、糖尿病、代谢毒素、药物等多种危险因素,导致肾脏结构进行性损害,肾功能减退乃至衰竭[2]。消化道症状是贯穿CRF过程始终的最常见的临床症状。伴随肾功能逐渐下降,体内高毒素状态及神经体液等因素的影响,导致患者胃肠道功能紊乱的发生,早期即出现食欲不振、恶心呕吐、便秘泄泻等症状;后期可自觉口中异味,出现胃肠道炎症等,严重者可并发十二指肠溃疡及消化道出血等疾患。胃肠道症状长期不能改善,引起胃肠道菌群失调、胃肠动力障碍,胃肠道消化和吸收功能减弱,影响CRF口服药物治疗效果,严重影响CRF患者的预后与生存质量。因此,调理脾胃,改善患者的胃肠道功能对于治疗及延缓CRF疾病进展有重要临床意义。中医认为CRF应从中焦论治,扶助正气,补脾益肾,五脏六腑协同运作,以调节全身代谢。中医对CRF胃肠道功能紊乱重视整体论治,在改善胃肠道局部症状的同时,保护肾功能,重视发掘机体的代偿潜能,极大延缓了CRF进展。

1 中医学对CRF胃肠道功能紊乱的临床表现及病机描述 1.1 脾肾亏虚是疾病发生发展的内在基础

CRF在中医古籍中并无直接记载,可根据其临床表现归于“虚劳”“关格”等范畴。正虚邪实为其基本病机,其中更以脾肾亏虚为主。肾、脾为先、后天之本,肾藏精,温养激发后天;脾主运化水谷精微,以补充培育先天,两者相互为用。CRF久病耗伤正气,以正气虚弱为主,先天不足,或后天饮食、情志、劳倦、久病等因素会愈加戕伐正气,脏腑失和,功能失调,以脾为甚,故当肾阳衰惫失于气化,脾阳不得温煦而运化不利,则气血化生乏源,亦不能温养先天之肾,如此反复,脾肾益虚。故此,脾肾互资互损,脾胃失和与肾精虚衰互为影响,随着CRF不断进展,患者除肾脏本身疾病所致乏力、水肿、尿量改变等症状体征外,还会出现食欲不振、恶心呕吐、口中异味、腹痛腹胀、便秘或泄泻等胃肠道症状,如此往复贯穿CRF病情进展之中[3]。总而言之,在CRF的治疗之中,把握中焦、调理脾胃为重中之重,诚如《脾胃论》言:“百病皆由脾胃衰而生”,脾胃虚损,诸病丛生。所以若不能及时顾护脾胃,先后天无法互资互生,脾肾均亏,则正气益虚,邪气益胜则病益进。

1.2 痰饮、湿浊、瘀血、毒邪是病情进展的连锁反应

各种慢性肾脏疾病迁延不愈,在以脾肾亏虚为病情发生发展的内在基础上,机体代谢功能紊乱最终引起CRF。有文献研究表明[4],CRF临床多以肾虚证为主,脾虚证次之;实邪致病以湿邪为主,痰浊瘀毒次之。脾肾虚衰,水液停聚,阻滞中焦气机所致胃失和降,气逆于上,或湿浊内蕴,久之郁而化热,弥漫三焦,阻滞血行,以致瘀血阻络,再或是肾气化开阖失司,代谢废物蓄积体内,湿瘀日久蕴结成毒,痰饮、湿浊、毒邪、瘀血等实邪由生[3-4]。故湿、痰、毒、瘀生于脾肾虚损,又不断演变,变证多生,病情反复,因虚致实,实邪又进一步戕害机体代偿能力,虚者愈虚,病情愈重。

1.2.1 脏腑失和,气机不调,病势进展

《素问·六微旨大论篇》曰:“升降息则气立孤危……非升降,则无以生长化收藏。”可见气机升降是脏腑和气荣养的重要条件。脾胃作为全身脏腑联系及气机升降之枢纽,若脏腑失和,脾虚则升清无力,胃气亦失于和降,中焦气机失利,可见脘腹胀满,胃气上逆,恶心呕吐、纳呆、舌胖大苔白。此外,肝主疏泄,畅达气机,调理情志,其疏泄功能对于全身气机运动有着重要的调节作用,而肾主封藏,封藏与疏泄,相反相成,互制互用。肾虚封藏不固而水不涵木,肝失条达,致使气机疏泄失常。CRF患者久病不愈,往往伴有焦虑、烦躁等不良情绪,久之情志失调,气运不利,肝气犯脾,导致病情不断进展。

1.2.2 湿瘀互结,缠绵难愈,病情迁延

《景岳全书·肿胀》有言“水为至阴,其本在肾……水惟畏土,其制在脾”,说明水液的代谢有赖于脾之运化与肾之温化。脾虚则运转不灵,肾虚则蒸化固摄无力,秽湿滞留机体,三焦气机不畅,胃肠腑气不通,加之湿性趋下,水湿留恋肠间,导致小肠泌清辨浊功能紊乱,大肠传导功能失常,可见泄泻或便秘等。同时水湿困脾,加重食欲不振、欲吐等症状。《血证论》言:“病血者未尝不病水,病水者未尝不病血。”指出水液代谢与瘀血形成有着密切的联系,水湿内停,气机不畅,可致血行瘀阻;瘀血停滞,气失宣通,可致水液停聚。加之CRF患者久病体虚,气虚运血无力而致血滞脉络,湿(痰)瘀阻久,必生热毒,而热毒一成,与湿瘀相搏结,又生痰浊,加重瘀阻。CRF患者常伴有的血脂异常、高凝状态、肾纤维化[5-6]等都是湿瘀互结的具体表现。由此可见,湿与瘀既是CRF疾病过程中的病理产物,又交相为病,最终导致CRF缠绵难愈,病情迁延[7]

1.2.3 毒邪蓄积,病及他脏,加重损伤

CRF患者脾肾衰惫,气机失调,水液瘀血丛生,日久酝酿成毒。《素问·阴阳应象大论篇第五》曰:“清阳出上窍,浊阴出下窍。”由于CRF患者肾虚日久,功能失司,导致毒邪排出无路,蓄积体内,加重脏腑损害。肾阴亏虚,肠道失于津液濡养,出现大便秘结;肾阳虚衰,肠道失于温煦,水湿并糟粕同走大肠,出现腹痛、泄泻等症状。由此可见,体内毒素的排出与肠、肾关系密切。此外,现代医学研究表明,CKD患者肠道微生态较正常人益生菌减少,致病菌增加;大量致病菌繁殖,酵解肠道内蛋白质,产生大量毒素,加之肾脏功能受损,无法及时排出体外,蓄内化为毒邪[8]。毒素大量积蓄肠道,损害肠道屏障功能,毒素和致病菌随血液及淋巴遍布全身,使得多种炎症介质释放增加,促进全身微炎症反应,损害全身多个系统[9],诱发多种并发症,同时加重肾脏微炎症状态,加剧CRF进程,导致患者病情日渐严重,直接影响患者生存质量。

2 证治探讨

CRF引起的胃肠道功能紊乱多为本虚标实之证,是肝、脾、胃、肾、大小肠等多脏腑的虚损导致的复杂病症,治疗当秉着标本同治的原则,虚则补益,实则攻邪,根据临床辨证,可分别采取调和气机、补虚攻邪等方法。标实则根据痰、湿、瘀、邪毒的不同,采用清热泻浊祛瘀的方法。CRF患者常多脏相兼为病,是故在治疗时应注意通调多脏,并结合非药物治疗手段进行综合治疗。具体辨证施治如下。

2.1 疏利少阳,调畅气机 2.1.1 和中降逆

CRF患者脏腑失和,中焦作为气机升降的枢纽,中气不足,枢机不利,胃失和降,则痰湿中阻、胃气上逆,症见恶心呕吐、纳呆腹胀、舌胖大苔白或胃脘不舒,反酸烧心者,应在补肾健脾基础上和中降逆、健脾益胃并进。调和中焦气机,升降相合,则脾胃运化功能恢复,呕逆自止。方选旋覆代赭汤[10]或橘皮竹茹汤[11]加减。旋覆花功专下气消噫,祛痰降气。代赭石性沉降、重镇,呕吐自止。中医治疗中气不足、胃失和降之症往往选用小剂量代赭石,以6 g为宜,代赭石为金石类药,重用则会降逆太过,反使中气陷于下焦,病程迁延难愈。橘皮理气和胃、竹茹清热安胃,两药相合止呕力增。佐以半夏生姜消痰和中、降冲逆之气;人参、大枣、甘草调和诸药,促进脾胃运化。1项随机对照试验发现,陈皮在脾胃湿滞、脾虚气滞患者的治疗中疗效显著,有消胀止呕及保护心脏等多种功效[12]。半夏性味辛温,归脾胃肺经,有降逆止呕、燥湿化痰之效,现代药理学发现半夏具有镇咳祛痰、抗胃溃疡、抗肿瘤、抗炎等作用[13]

2.1.2 调和肝脾

症见平素情志抑郁,食欲不振,甚则干呕厌食,腹胀伴嗳气、吞酸,胁肋部胀满疼痛,上腹隐痛或伴发作性腹痛泄泻,苔白或腻,脉弦。多因肝气郁结、肝脾不调所致。治疗以疏肝解郁、调和肝脾为主。张锡纯言:“……脾土之运化水谷,全赖肝木之升发疏泄而后才能运化畅达健运,故曰:‘土得木而达’。”肝主疏泄,若肝失调和,气机升降失常,木旺乘土,土虚木乘,胃气上逆。方选小柴胡汤[14]化裁,柴胡性辛散,疏肝解郁,理气止痛,助少阳之枢以通气机,调畅情志,对于胃黏膜的保护、促进胃动力、抗溃疡和抗反流性胃炎均具有积极意义[15]。半夏性辛温,健脾燥湿,温化寒痰,协助柴胡疏肝降逆止呕。香附合佛手,共入肝、脾经,相伍加强疏肝解郁、理气宽胸、和胃止痛之功。佐炒白术、陈皮以补气健脾、降逆止呕,全方肝脾同调,肝疏泄得宜,情志调达,脾胃气机升降逐渐恢复。

2.1.3 平调寒热

呕吐痰涎、胃脘痞满,口苦心烦、口中自觉黏腻不爽,同时伴肠鸣泄泻,腹痛,苔薄黄腻,脉沉细弦者,此为寒热错杂,枢机不利,升降失和。脾肾阳虚故肠中寒,肾蒸腾气化作用减弱,不能濡养中焦,脾为湿困,痰湿中阻[16]。治法为平调寒热,辛开苦降。方用半夏泻心汤[17]加减。半夏合干姜消痞降逆,温中止呕;黄芩、黄连泻中上焦之热,燥湿开痞,黄芩除解热镇痛和抗炎症以外,还具备抗溃疡和保肝降酶的功能等[18];大枣、人参顾护中焦,扶助正气。全方上下共治,辛开苦降。

2.2 去菀陈莝,排毒祛邪 2.2.1 利湿清热降浊

胸脘痞闷,烦热口渴,腹胀,大便黏滞不爽,食欲不振,脉滑数,舌苔黄腻者,此为中焦湿浊内生,脾为湿困,水谷清浊不分。湿邪郁久化热,煎灼成痰,痰湿等浊邪阻滞于胃肠,则胃中嘈杂、大肠传导失司[19]。治疗当以利湿清热降浊为主,临床多以萆薢分清饮[20]加减。萆薢、石菖蒲、土茯苓、薏苡仁等药分清泄浊、使浊邪随二便排出。萆薢利湿祛浊泻热,具有肾脏保护作用[21];石菖蒲芳香通窍而除湿浊,两者配伍是可以纠正血脂代谢紊乱等,并且可以抑制前列腺间质炎性细胞活性[22]。佐以黄芩、泽泻、白茅根等清三焦之热,利水通淋。此配伍使其清热利湿化浊之功更著,同时也可兼顾患者CRF所致水肿、尿浊之症。

2.2.2 通腑泄浊

湿浊、瘀血内生,迁延日久,酿化为毒[23]。正气已虚,腑气不通,大肠传导功能失常,大便数日1次,秘结不通,舌苔干黄。但本质为脾肾亏虚,所以不可过用攻下药。方选己椒苈黄丸[24]加减,以大黄奏荡涤肠腑泄浊之功:大黄既可排毒,又兼活血,对于CRF患者尤为适用,《神农本草经汇笺》记载大黄可“破癥瘕积聚,荡涤肠胃,推陈致新”,大黄可以有效提升血容量并降低血细胞比容及血小板活性、使胃肠蠕动的频率增高[25-26]。故临床多以其荡涤肠腑泄浊之功来清除CRF患者体内宿便积累的毒素。防己长于清湿热,椒目消除腹中水气。同时配以党参、黄芪等顾护正气,使患者祛邪同时不至伤正;再配合炭类药的吸附功能,如大黄炭、藕节炭、血余炭等,能够有效地降低患者肌酐、尿素,清除溺毒[23]

2.3 攻补兼施,补气升阳 2.3.1 补中益气,升脾止泻

脾肾气虚,不能转输精微;清阳下陷,不可升举阳气。可见尿少水肿、小腹坠胀、腹泻等症。方选补中益气汤[27]加减。现代研究表明,补中益气汤有调节脾胃肠功能、调节免疫功能、退热、抗肿瘤、拮抗环磷酰胺毒性、抗过敏、保护心肌及调节应激反应等作用[28]。黄芪补气固表,补中益气升阳,升麻柴胡协助黄芪人参以升举阳气,合泽泻利水渗绅,直达肾与膀胱,水气一除,清阳自升而泻自止;佐以白术、人参恢复中焦脾胃运化功能,白术被誉为“健脾益气第一要药”。三者对损伤的胃肠均有一定保护作用[29],因此,全方健脾和胃、补气养血,具有升清降浊之效[30],待水湿已除,泻止后,若正气虚耗,以香砂六君子汤扶正善后。

2.3.2 攻补结合,温补脾肾

CRF后期久病气虚,无力化生血液及推动血行,致瘀血不去、新血不生,气血虚衰,形成恶性循环。甚则肾阳虚衰,不能温煦脾阳,脾阳不振进一步影响肾阳,循环往复,消化功能和水液代谢紊乱加重,症见舌下可见络脉瘀斑,胃脘冷痛,喜温喜按,泛吐清水,泄泻。CRF后期瘀滞证只使用一般活血药已无力消除,可运用虫类药之搜剔以活血化瘀、去菀陈莝,促进血行。具体用药如地龙、水蛭、虻虫、土鳖虫[31]等配以丹参、桃仁、红花等活血药,直达病所,共助血行,消瘀化滞,达到预期治疗效果。但此时不可只用攻伐,在祛瘀的同时应顾护正气,方选黄芪建中汤加肉豆蔻、肉苁蓉、山茱萸等。黄芪、大枣、甘草性甘温,健脾益气;桂枝、生姜佐以温阳散寒,白芍缓急止痛,饴糖性甘以补脾缓急,肉豆蔻涩肠止泻,温中行气,肉苁蓉、山茱萸等温补肾阳,助命门之火。全方阴阳共补,温肾补脾,共济先后天之本。

3 典型病案

患者男性,54岁,2019年3月28日因“双下肢水肿伴乏力2月”初诊,2型糖尿病病史5年余,经中西医结合治疗病情控制良好,每日血糖控制在7.5~8.0 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖11.0~13.0 mmol/L。患者自述2个月前因劳累出现双下肢水肿,初期从足踝部开始水肿,肿处皮肤按下凹陷不易恢复,精神困倦,少气懒言,四肢乏力,偶有恶心呕吐,胃纳不佳,胸闷脘痞,健忘,喜暖恶寒,手足不温,泄稀水样便,寐差。望其神清,面色少华,舌淡,苔薄白,脉沉细。血压135/95 mm Hg(1 mm Hg≈0.133 kPa),尿常规示尿葡萄糖(+),24 h尿蛋白(+)。尿蛋白定量:1.3 g/24 h。肾功能检查:尿素氮12.2 mmoL/L,肌酐177 μmol/L,尿酸465 μmol/L,西医诊断为糖尿病肾脏病,中医诊断为尿浊病,证属脾肾气虚,治以补脾益肾,行气利水为主。处方用香砂六君汤加减:茯苓25 g,人参9 g,炒白术20 g,炙甘草10 g,法半夏12 g,生姜9 g,陈皮12 g,木香12 g,砂仁9 g,山药30 g,山茱萸25 g,杜仲15 g,菟丝子15 g,枸杞子12 g,仙灵脾30 g。14剂,水煎服200 mL,每日1剂。2诊:水肿减轻,乏力感缓解,食量增加,腹部胀满感减轻,大便成形,质软。面色润泽,身体情况略有好转。检查:血浆白蛋白为18 g/L,加泽泻15 g,肉桂6 g。3诊:水肿已消退,腹胀消除,食欲大好,四肢感温,无其他明显不适,原方减少利水之品,继续温补脾肾。

按语:患者罹患糖尿病,病程日久,正气耗损严重,脾肾阳虚,衰惫无力,气血化生乏源,无力推动水液运行及代谢,机体内气虚血少水停,表现为水肿,纳差,畏寒,大便溏薄,舌淡红,苔白,脉细弱。初诊时,针对患者主要证候选用香砂六君汤加减,以调补中焦脾胃为基础,另加温补肾阳之品,脾气健则气血生化有源,机体得养,疾病早期就可遏制其进展。通过调动自身正气推动水液代谢,消退水肿及痞满之证,方中健中有消,行中有补,以人参为君补益正气,健脾和中,炒白术燥湿健脾、补中焦之气;茯苓利水渗湿,与人参相伍增强健脾利水之功;陈皮味辛苦,性温,燥湿化痰理气;生姜、半夏行降逆止呕之效;砂仁、木香温中行气;山药、山茱萸、枸杞子补脾固精,滋养肝肾,杜仲补肾,强腰膝;仙灵脾、菟丝子皆味甘性温,可入脾、肾经,温能助阳,补益脾肾,以此疗养本虚。2诊,水肿已消退大半,脾肾阳虚之症也略有缓解,再加泽泻利水消肿,增强逐水之效,肉桂补火助阳,引火归元,重在温肾阳以推动水液代谢。3诊,水肿已消,但脾肾亏虚日久,仍需通过药物调节自身正气以抗邪,药量也可酌情加减,循序渐进,以调其证。全方补益为主,行气利水为辅,补而不滞,用药精妙,先后天互资,以达温肾健脾利水之效。

4 结语

CRF起病隐匿,病机演变复杂,迁延日久,导致消化系统一系列症状如恶心呕吐,呃逆嗳气等。临床症状多属虚实夹杂,脾肾虚衰为本,浊毒血瘀为标。久则因实致虚,由脾胃虚弱至气血阴阳俱虚。脾胃作为全身脏腑联系及气机升降的枢纽,在病机演变过程中贯穿始终,因此CRF患者胃肠道症状的治疗尤为重要。治疗上以顾护正气为主,扶正祛邪,五脏六腑协同论治,主要运用调畅气机、排毒祛邪、补气升阳等治法。在后期脏腑俱虚时,以补为主,但也要注意不可一味补虚,灵活运用通法祛除体内宿邪。

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Theoretical discussion on treating gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic renal failure based on syndrome differentiation
HAO Na1 , XU Zhiyuan1 , TANG Haozhi1 , QU Yajun1 , LI Wanwen1 , ZHENG Xiaonan2     
1. National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China;
2. Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin 300120, China
Abstract: Gastrointestinal symptoms, as an important clinical manifestation throughout the course of chronic renal failure (CRF), have a variable pathogenesis and complex clinical treatment. The severity of gastrointestinal symptoms is one of the risk factors affecting the prognosis of CRF patients. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, CRF patients suffer from deficiency of spleen and kidney, loss of harmony between the transport and transformation functions of zhong jiao, or loss of drainage of the liver, resulting in imbalance in the elevation of qi, leading to a series of symptoms in the digestive system such as nausea and vomiting, erratic belching, etc. When the internal organs are out of harmony, phlegm, dampness and blood stasis are generated internally and become toxic over time, further aggravating the digestive symptoms. In the long run, deficiency is caused by actuality, and weakness of the spleen and stomach leads to deficiency of the qi, blood, yin and yang. Therefore, treatment is based on the main principle of helping the righteous and eliminating the evil, emphasizing the regulation of qi, draining and detoxifying, attacking and supplementing at the same time, and the joint treatment of multiple internal organs, which has achieved remarkable results in clinical practice. In this paper, we further summarize traditional Chinese medicine's clinical experience in the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in CRF, with the aim of providing new ideas and methods for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in CRF patients.
Key words: chronic renal failure    digestive system symptoms    theoretical discussion