天津中医药  2023, Vol. 40 Issue (3): 334-344

文章信息

宋文竞, 陈波, 牛力, 刘旻
SONG Wenjing, CHEN Bo, NIU Li, LIU Min
不同针灸疗法联合三阶梯止痛法治疗癌痛的网状Meta分析
Different acupuncture therapy combined with three-step analgesic therapy in the treatment of cancer pain: a network Meta-analysis
天津中医药, 2023, 40(3): 334-344
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 40(3): 334-344
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2023.03.11

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-11-20
不同针灸疗法联合三阶梯止痛法治疗癌痛的网状Meta分析
宋文竞1,2 , 陈波2,3 , 牛力4 , 刘旻1,2     
1. 天津中医药大学第一附属医院, 天津 300381;
2. 国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心, 天津 300381;
3. 天津中医药大学针灸推拿学院, 天津 301617;
4. 天津市中医药研究院附属医院外科, 天津 300120
摘要:[目的] 对临床常用的针灸疗法(毫针刺法、耳穴疗法、电针、艾灸、穴位贴敷、穴位埋线、穴位注射)联合三阶梯止痛法治疗癌痛的有效性及安全性进行网状Meta分析,为探讨针药联合治疗方案提供科学的循证依据。[方法] 通过计算机检索知网(CNKI)、维普(VIP)、万方(Wanfang)、中国生物医学文献(SinoMed)、PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMbase数据库、中国临床试验注册中心及美国临床试验注册中心的随机对照试验,时间限定为建库至2021年6月。由2名评价者分别进行独立筛选后,采用Stata14.0进行网状Meta分析。[结果] 该项研究涉及63项随机对照试验,样本量共计5 129例癌痛患者。数据结果表明,在临床有效率方面,所有针药联合疗法的有效性均优于单纯的三阶梯止痛法(P<0.05);在不良反应发生率方面,除“穴位埋线+三阶梯”组未纳入相关研究,其余针药联合疗法的安全性均优于单纯的三阶梯止痛法(P<0.05),穴位注射联合三阶梯止痛法的安全性明显优于电针联合三阶梯法(P<0.05)。SUCRA数值排序结果提示,穴位注射联合三阶梯止痛法的临床有效率最佳,不良反应发生率最低。[结论] 所有针药联合疗法的有效性和安全性均优于单纯的三阶梯止痛法。在针药联合疗法中,穴位注射联合三阶梯止痛法的疗效最佳且安全性最高,可推荐作为治疗癌痛的首选方案。
关键词癌痛    针灸疗法    三阶梯止痛法    网状Meta分析    

癌痛是癌症患者的最常见症状之一,据报道有超过70%的患者曾患癌症相关疼痛[1]。对于癌痛的治疗,临床推荐世界卫生组织(WHO)提出的“癌痛三阶梯镇痛治疗”,即对癌痛患者采用数字评分法(NRS)进行评估,对于轻度疼痛(NRS≤3分),选用非甾体药物镇痛药物或低剂量阿片类药物;中度疼痛(3分<NRS<7分)选用弱阿片类药物或低剂量强阿片类药物;重度癌痛(NRS≥7分)选用强阿片类药物。这种药物治疗虽然在短时间内的镇痛效果显著,但常引发成瘾、耐受和不良反应(便秘、恶心呕吐、免疫抑制等)一系列新问题,临床应用有一定的缺陷[2]。因此,探求癌痛的补充替代治疗有着重要临床价值。研究发现,针灸疗法对于癌痛的治疗具有很好的疗效[3]。目前有指南提出,针灸疗法可以作为癌痛的补充替代治疗[4]。但由于针灸疗法包含的种类繁多,各种治疗方式联合三阶梯止痛法的所产生的疗效不尽相同,故本文通过检索不同针灸疗法联合三阶梯止痛法治疗癌痛的随机对照试验(RCTs)并进行网状Meta分析,对其治疗效果进行综合评价,为探讨针药联合的治疗方案提供科学的循证依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 纳入标准 1.1.1 研究类型

研究类型为RCT。

1.1.2 研究对象

1)符合《临床诊疗指南·肿瘤分册》诊断标准,经临床诊断为恶性肿瘤。2)符合《癌症疼痛诊疗规范(2018年版)》诊断标准,病因可大致分为肿瘤相关性疼痛、抗肿瘤治疗相关性疼痛和非肿瘤因素性疼痛(由肿瘤引起的合并症、并发症以及社会心理因素等非肿瘤因素所致的疼痛)[5]

1.1.3 干预措施

试验组采用某种针灸疗法联合三阶梯止痛法,常用的针灸疗法包括:毫针刺法、耳穴疗法、电针、艾灸、穴位贴敷、穴位埋线、穴位注射。对照组采用三阶梯止痛法。

1.1.4 结局指标

主要结局指标为临床有效率。判断有效的标准如下:1)依据WHO癌痛疗效评价标准,治疗后完全无痛或疼痛明显减轻,睡眠基本不受影响,基本可以正常生活。2)依据NRS或疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),评分下降2度(>50%)及以上,满足上述条件任意之一,即为有效,否则即为无效。次要结局指标为不良反应发生率。

1.2 排除标准

1)重复发表的文献。2)不能获取全文的文献。3)试验设计或执行过程中有严重缺陷的文献。

1.3 文献检索

通过计算机检索知网(CNKI)、维普(VIP)、万方(Wanfang)、中国生物医学文献(SinoMed)4个中文数据库及PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMbase 3个英文数据库的文献。中文检索词主要包括:癌痛、癌症疼痛、癌性疼痛、针灸、针刺、毫针、耳穴、电针、艾灸、穴位贴敷、穴位埋线、穴位注射等;英文检索词主要包括:Cancer Pain、Acupuncture、Filiform needle、Acupuncture,Ear、Electroacupuncture、Moxibustion、Acupoint Application、Acupoint Catgut Embedding、Acupoint Injection等,采用主题词与自由词结合的方式,时间限定为建库至2021年6月16日,语言限定为中文或英文,不限文献类型。

1.4 资料提取

采用NoteExpress 3.4进行数据管理及分析,根据上述制定的纳排标准,由2名评价者分别对文献进行独立筛选。筛选过程中首先阅读文献的题目和摘要完成初筛,然后阅读全文完成复筛,最后将筛选结果进行交叉核对,若遇到分歧则需要第3位评价者的协助判断,若遇到文献资料缺失则需要与通信作者联系。筛选结束后,应用Excel软件建立文献信息提取表,提取的信息包括:第一作者、发表年份、题目、随机分配的方法、基线信息(性别、年龄、病程等)、病例数、干预措施、疗程和结局指标。

1.5 文献质量评价

根据Cochrane推荐的“偏倚风险评估工具”对最终纳入定性分析的文献进行偏倚风险评估。

1.6 统计学方法

采用Stata14.0完成直接和网状Meta分析。直接Meta分析:结局指标为计数资料,采用比值比(OR)及95%置信区间(CI)为效应量,I2判断异质性。若I2<50%且P>0.1则可不计异质性,采用固定效应模型合并效应量;若I2>50%且P<0.1则代表存在异质性,进行敏感性分析,不能解释异质性原因的采用随机效应模型合并效应量。网状Meta分析:在对数据进行处理后,执行“networkplot”命令绘制出结局指标的证据网络图。将数据进行“network”分析,执行“netleague”命令进一步得出网状Meta分析结果,依据分析结果计算不同结局指标的累积排序曲线下面积(SUCRA)数值,并绘制出主要结局指标的曲线下面积图。将各种干预措施的临床疗效及不良反应发生率的数值分别进行排序,数值范围为0~100,在临床疗效中SUCRA数值及曲线下面积越大,表明临床疗效越佳;在不良反应发生率中SUCRA数值越小,表明该种干预措施的安全性越高。临床疗效数值高且不良反应发生率数值低的干预措施有可能成为最佳疗法。执行“netfunnel”命令绘制校正-比较漏斗图,以此评估是否存在发表偏倚及小样本效应的可能性。

2 结果 2.1 文献筛选流程及结果

主要通过两种方式收集文献,检索计算机获得相关文献1 684篇,检索中国和美国的临床试验注册中心未能获得相关文献,剔除重复文献656篇后,所得文献1 028篇。按照规定的纳排标准,经过初筛、复筛,最终纳入定性分析文献63篇。具体的筛选流程及结果见图 1

图 1 文献筛选流程及结果 Fig. 1 Literature screening process and results
2.2 纳入研究的文献基本特征

在纳入的63项研究中,共计5 129例癌痛患者,涉及肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌等多种疾病类型。试验组的干预措施包括7种针灸疗法:穴位贴敷27项[6-32]、毫针刺法15项[33-47]、耳穴疗法7项[48-54]、穴位注射5项[55-59]、穴位埋线4项[60-63]、电针3项[64-66]、艾灸2项[67-68],对照组皆单用规范三阶梯止痛法治疗[6-68]。由于存在2项三臂研究[28, 44],纳入定性分析时需要将三臂研究的数据进行拆分,试验组为针灸疗法联合三阶梯止痛法,对照组为单纯采用三阶梯止痛法。具体的文献基本特征见表 1

表 1 纳入研究的基本特点 Tab. 1 Basic information of included studies
2.3 纳入研究的文献偏倚风险评价

纳入的63项研究[6-68]均为随机对照试验,有35项研究明确描述随机分配方式。考虑到针灸疗法的操作特点,研究过程中较难施盲,在纳入的文献中仅有2项研究[30, 36]提及双盲,其中1项研究[30]详细描述分配隐藏及双盲的方式。3项研究[6, 13, 52]报道了脱落病例,其中2项研究[6, 52]的试验组和对照组均有脱落,描述了脱落原因,将脱落病例控制在极小范围,保证组间的均衡性。但是1项研究[13]仅对照组病例脱落,未描述具体原因,存在失访偏倚的可能性,因此评价为高风险。具体偏倚风险评价见图 2

图 2 纳入研究的文献偏倚风险评价 Fig. 2 Bias risk assessment of included study
2.4 直接Meta分析 2.4.1 临床有效率

共纳入7组针药联合法与单纯三阶梯止痛法的比较数据。其中,“穴位注射+三阶梯vs.三阶梯”组的I2=63.1%,“穴位埋线+三阶梯vs.三阶梯”组的I2=62.9%,两者均存在异质性,因此进行下一步的敏感性分析。敏感性分析的结果提示,将骆嘉华[57]的研究独立分析后,“穴位注射+三阶梯vs.三阶梯”组的I2=0%,可继续选用固定效应模型合并效应量;但在“穴位埋线+三阶梯vs.三阶梯”组中不能完全解释异质性的原因,故选用随机效应模型合并效应量。最后的结果表明,所有的针药联合组的临床有效率均优于单纯三阶梯止痛法,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。具体数据结果见表 2

表 2 临床有效率的Meta分析结果 Tab. 2 Results of Meta-analysis of clinical efficacy rate
2.4.2 不良反应发生率

共纳入6组针药联合法与单纯三阶梯止痛法的比较数据(没有符合次要结局指标的“穴位埋线+三阶梯vs.三阶梯”组的文献纳入)。在比较的过程中,不存在显著的异质性,故选用固定效应模型合并效应量。最后的结果表明,6组针药联合方案的安全性均优于单纯三阶梯止痛法,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。具体数据结果见表 3

表 3 不良反应发生率的Meta分析结果 Tab. 3 Results of Meta-analysis on the incidence of adverse reactions
2.5 网状Meta分析 2.5.1 证据网络图

在本次研究中,各种针药联合治疗之间未形成闭合环,故形成间接比较,无需进行一致性检验;针药联合治疗与三阶梯止痛法之间可形成直接比较。该图中的点和线分别代表在该干预措施下,纳入病例数和研究量的多少。由于纳入的研究都是针药联合疗法与单用三阶梯止痛法形成的直接比较,所以三阶梯止痛法这一项干预措施纳入的病例数最多。穴位贴敷联合三阶梯止痛法纳入的研究数量最多,艾灸联合三阶梯止痛法纳入的研究数量最少。在不良反应发生率的证据网络图中,没有符合次要结局指标的穴位埋线联合三阶梯止痛法的文献纳入,故仅有7种疗法的比较。具体信息见图 3

图 3 临床有效率及不良反应发生率的证据网络图 Fig. 3 Network diagram of clinical efficacy rate and incidence of adverse reactions
2.5.2 网状Meta分析结果

在临床有效率方面,所有针药联合方案的疗效均优于单纯三阶梯止痛法,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);而各针药联合方案之间的比较无统计学差异。在不良反应发生率方面,没有符合次要结局指标的“穴位埋线+三阶梯”的文献纳入。在已纳入的6组研究中,除“电针+三阶梯”组以外,其余各组针药联合方案的安全性均优于单纯三阶梯止痛法,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);各针药联合方案之间的比较中,“穴位注射+三阶梯”组的安全性明显优于“电针+三阶梯”组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。具体的数据结果见表 4表 5

表 4 临床有效率的网状Meta分析结果 Tab. 4 Network Meta-analysis of clinical rate
表 5 不良反应发生率的网状Meta分析结果 Tab. 5 NetworkMeta-analysisofincidenceofadversereaction
2.5.3 网状Meta分析结果排序

临床有效率:依据累积排序曲线下面积数值表和曲线图见表 6图 4。SUCRA数值及曲线下面积越大,表明临床疗效越佳。各种疗法干预癌痛的有效率排序可能为:穴位注射+三阶梯>穴位贴敷+三阶梯>毫针刺法+三阶梯>艾灸+三阶梯>穴位埋线+三阶梯>电针+三阶梯>耳穴疗法+三阶梯>三阶梯。

表 6 临床有效率及不良反应发生率累积排序曲线下面积数值表 Tab. 6 Surface under the cumulative ranking curve of clinical efficacy rate and incidence of adverse reactions
图 4 临床有效率累积排序曲线下面积图 Fig. 4 Surface under the cumulative ranking curve of clinical efficacy rate

不良反应发生率:依据累积排序曲线下面积数值表,SUCRA数值越小,如表 5所示。表明该种干预措施的安全性越高。各种疗法干预癌痛的安全性排序可能为:穴位注射+三阶梯>毫针刺法+三阶梯>艾灸+三阶梯>穴位贴敷+三阶梯>耳穴疗法+三阶梯>电针+三阶梯>三阶梯。

2.5.4 发表偏倚与小样本效应评估

针对主要和次要结局指标分别绘制校正-比较漏斗图见图 5。可以看出漏斗图的对称性尚可,但在临床有效率的漏斗图中,有1项研究脱落在95%CI外,提示有可能存在发表偏倚或小样本效应。

图 5 临床有效率及不良反应发生率漏斗图 Fig. 5 Comparison of clinical efficacy rate and incidence of adverse reactions-corrected funnel plot
3 讨论

癌痛是引起癌症患者痛苦的常见症状,对患者的生活质量和后期治疗有重要影响[69]。近年来不断更新的癌痛管理指南,虽仍以WHO提出的“癌痛三阶梯镇痛治疗”为主[70-71],但也认识到这种止痛药物治疗的缺陷,因此提出了新的补充替代疗法,希望可以提高止痛效果和减轻毒副反应[72]。针灸疗法是治疗癌痛的补充替代疗法之一[4],随着现代医疗技术的发展,针灸疗法不再仅拘泥于针刺和艾灸这种传统的治疗方式,西医、中药、理疗等多学科的交叉融合为针灸疗法灌注了新鲜血液。对于评价针灸疗法治疗癌痛的有效性,国内外已有多篇基于传统Meta分析的文献研究提供了重要证据[3, 73]。但传统Meta分析只能直接比较两种治疗方式,不能将各种针灸疗法之间进行比较。本研究为弥补这一不足之处,利用网状Meta分析旨在探讨出针药联合的治疗方案,为临床应用提供科学的循证依据。

本次研究主要评价了7种针药联合疗法及单纯采用三阶梯止痛法治疗癌痛的有效性和安全性。在纳入的63项研究中,包含5 129例癌痛患者,针对此样本进行网状Meta分析。根据SUCRA的结果,各种疗法干预癌痛的有效率排序可能为:穴位注射+三阶梯>穴位贴敷+三阶梯>毫针刺法+三阶梯>艾灸+三阶梯>穴位埋线+三阶梯>电针+三阶梯>耳穴疗法+三阶梯>三阶梯;各种疗法干预癌痛的安全性排序可能为:穴位注射+三阶梯>毫针刺法+三阶梯>艾灸+三阶梯>穴位贴敷+三阶梯>耳穴疗法+三阶梯>电针+三阶梯>三阶梯。这个排序结果说明,所有针药联合疗法的有效性和安全性均优于单纯采用三阶梯止痛法。在针药联合疗法中,穴位注射联合三阶梯止痛法的疗效最佳且安全性最高,是干预癌痛的优势方案。穴位贴敷联合三阶梯止痛法、毫针刺法联合三阶梯止痛法及艾灸联合三阶梯止痛法的疗效较佳,但穴位贴敷联合三阶梯止痛法的不良反应发生率较高。

本次研究尚有不足之处,主要体现在:1)纳入的有关穴位埋线、电针、艾灸联合三阶梯止痛法的研究数量过少,可能影响本次研究结果的准确性。2)详细描述分配隐藏和盲法的文献仅有1篇,大部分文献中未提及分配隐藏和盲法,这可能导致纳入的研究存在选择性偏倚和信息偏倚;有1篇研究未描述脱落病例的原因,存在失访偏倚的可能性。3)在评价各种干预措施的安全性方面,没有符合次要结局指标的穴位埋线联合三阶梯止痛法的文献纳入,故只有7种疗法的安全性排序,对研究结果造成一定程度的影响。4)漏斗图的识读存在主观性,且有1项研究脱落在95%CI外,提示本次研究有可能存在发表偏倚或小样本效应。

综上所述,针灸疗法联合三阶梯止痛法治疗癌痛是安全而可靠的,其中穴位注射联合三阶梯止痛法有可能成为干预癌痛的首选针药联合方案,但基于本次研究的不足之处,上述结论的准确性仍需要更高质量的研究来进一步验证。

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Different acupuncture therapy combined with three-step analgesic therapy in the treatment of cancer pain: a network Meta-analysis
SONG Wenjing1,2 , CHEN Bo2,3 , NIU Li4 , LIU Min1,2     
1. First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China;
2. National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China;
3. College of Acupuncture and Massage, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
4. Department of Surgery, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin 300120, China
Abstract: [Objective] To systematically review the efficacy and safety of clinical acupuncture therapy(filiform needle, auricular acupoint therapy, electroacupuncture, moxibustion, acupoint application, acupoint catgut embedding, acupoint injection) combined with three-step analgesic therapy in the treatment of cancer pain by network Meta-analysis, so as to provide scientific evidence-based basis for the discussion of combined of acupuncture and drug therapy. [Methods] The RCTs were recruited in CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, Sinomed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase databases, and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, American Clinical Trial Registry. The time limit is to build the database until June 2021. There were two reviewers screening the data independently. And then the data analysis was performed by STATA 14.0. [Results] This study involved 63 randomized controlled trials with a total sample size of 5 129 patients with cancer pain. The results showed that in terms of clinical effective rate, and the efficacy of all combined acupuncture and drug therapy was better than the simple three-step analgesic method(P < 0.05). In terms of the incidence of adverse reactions, except for the "acupoint embedding+three-step analgesia" group, the safety of acupuncture and drug combined therapy was superior to the three-step analgesia alone(P < 0.05), and the safety of acupoint injection combined with three-step analgesia was significantly superior to that of electroacupuncture combined with three-step analgesia(P < 0.05). SUCRA numerical ranking results indicated that acupoint injection combined with three-step analgesic method had the best clinical effective rate and the lowest incidence of adverse reactions. [Conclusion] The efficacy and safety of all combined acupuncture and drug therapy were better than the simple three-step analgesic method. Among combined acupuncture and drug therapy, acupoint injection combined with three-step analgesia has the best efficacy and the highest safety, which can be recommended as the first choice for cancer pain.
Key words: cancer pain    acupuncture therapy    three-step analgesic therapy    network Meta-analysis