天津中医药  2023, Vol. 40 Issue (4): 461-466

文章信息

马丽萍, 李佳欣, 张美晴, 等.
MA Liping, LI Jiaxin, ZHANG Meiqing, et al.
经典名方中旋覆花升降浮沉药性应用考证
Application of ascending, lowering, floating and sinking medicinal properties of the flos inulae in classical formulae
天津中医药, 2023, 40(4): 461-466
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 40(4): 461-466
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2023.04.10

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-11-25
经典名方中旋覆花升降浮沉药性应用考证
马丽萍1 , 李佳欣1 , 张美晴1 , 丁丽琴1 , 邱峰2 , 张德芹1     
1. 天津中医药大学组分中药国家重点实验室, 天津 301617;
2. 天津中医药大学中药学院, 天津 301617
摘要:研究通过梳理古代医学典籍中含旋覆花经典名方的应用情况,考证旋覆花升降浮沉药性及其降气,消痰,行水,止呕功效,主治病证在古代经典名方中的应用情况,确认不同时期医家对旋覆花升降浮沉药性的认识,比较分析其认识差异的内涵和形成根源,为深化旋覆花升降浮沉药性的理解,指导临床合理用药奠定文献基础。
关键词旋覆花    药性理论                    经典名方    

旋覆花来源于菊科植物旋覆花Inula japonica Thunb.或欧亚旋覆花Inula britannica L.的干燥头状花序。2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》记载旋覆花味苦、辛、咸,性微温,归肺、脾、胃、大肠经。具有降气,消痰,行水,止呕功效,为中医临床治疗风寒咳嗽,痰饮蓄结,胸膈痞闷,喘咳痰多,呕吐噫气,心下痞硬的常用药物[1]。研究通过梳理古代医学典籍中含旋覆花经典名方的应用情况,考证旋覆花升降浮沉药性及其降气,消痰,行水,止呕功效,主治病证在古代经典名方中的应用情况,确认不同时期不同医家对旋覆花升降浮沉药性的认识,比较分析其认识差异的内涵和形成根源,为深化旋覆花升降浮沉药性的理解,指导临床合理用药奠定文献基础。

1 文献考证方法

采用历史分期结合典型分析的方法,考证先秦至清代具有代表性的医学典籍及方书含有旋覆花的经典名方中旋覆花降气,消痰,行水,止呕功效及主治病证的相关描述记载。以古代医学典籍及方书为依据,追溯旋覆花升降浮沉药性在古代医学典籍及方书中的应用历史渊源。

经典名方筛选原则:1)以能反映旋覆花传统中医功能主治的处方为入选的基本原则。2)处方组成、主治病证、药物剂量明确的处方。3)处方中药物组成不超过20味,且组成中不含有犀角、虎骨等国家明令禁止使用的药物。4)同一部典籍同类功能主治处方不重复选入。按照以上筛选原则,最终精选出83首含旋覆花经典名方做为代表方剂,考证其中旋覆花升降浮沉药性的应用情况。见开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)。

2 文献考证结果 2.1 南北朝以前代表性医学典籍

汉代张仲景《伤寒杂病论》记载旋覆代赭汤主治伤寒汗、吐、下后,心下痞鞕,噫气不除等证。针对胃气上逆疾病趋向,旋覆花在方中发挥降胃气,止呕噫的功效[2],药性沉降。《金匮要略》记载旋覆花汤主治肝经气血瘀滞兼肺胃气机不利的肝着证,旋覆花在方中以其沉降之性,发挥下结气,除痞满的作用[3]。见图 1

图 1 南北朝以前经典名方中旋覆花升降浮沉药性应用分析 Fig. 1 Analysis on the application of the medicinal properties of Flos Inulae in classic prescriptions before the Southern and Northern Dynasties
2.2 隋、唐时期代表性医学典籍

唐代孙思邈《备急千金要方》记载葱白汤、半夏茯苓汤、旋覆花汤、苓术汤、阿胶汤、旋覆花丸等方主治妊娠恶阻,烦热腹满,吐逆干呕,恶闻食气等证,旋覆花功能降胃气,止呕噫。小狼毒丸主治坚癖痞在人胸胁,或在心腹,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除痞满[4]。唐代王涛《外台秘要》记载前胡丸、旋覆花丸、昆布丸等方主治痰积宿水,呕逆不下食等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫。大茱萸丸、白术丸、旋覆饮子等方主治胸中有逆气,不欲饮食而呕等证,旋覆花功能降胃气,止呕噫。旋覆花汤主治饮停胸胁,胸膈痰结,唾如胶,不下食者,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除痞满。防己汤主治脚气,通身体满,小便涩,上气,不能食,食则胀者,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除水肿[5]。上述疾病病势向上,旋覆花作用趋向于下,药性沉降。见图 2

图 2 隋、唐时期经典名方中旋覆花升降浮沉药性应用分析 Fig. 2 Analysis on the application of the medicinal properties of Flos Inulae in classic prescriptions of Sui and Tang Dynasties
2.3 宋、金元时期代表性医学典籍

宋代刊行的大型方书《太平圣惠方》记载旋覆花散、柴胡散等方主治咳嗽痰壅,痰唾稠黏,气壅喘闷等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳。代赭散、前胡丸等方主治心腹痞满,气滞多涎,胸膈满闷等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,下结气,除痞满。半夏散、赤茯苓散主治痰滞胸膈,呕逆不食等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫。天南星丸主治风痰攻冲所致头目眩晕,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除头风[6]。《圣济总录》记载贝母丸、旋覆花汤等主治咳嗽痰壅,上气喘满等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳。半夏饮、茯苓汤等方主治妊娠恶阻,呕逆不下食等证,旋覆花功能降胃气,止呕噫。五膈丸、苏橘汤等方主治膈气痰结,胸中痞满等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,下结气,除痞满[7]。《太平惠民和剂局方》记载破饮丸、半夏茯苓汤主治停饮不散,时呕痰沫,妊娠恶阻,呕吐恶心等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫[8]。宋代王兖《博济方》记载人参荆芥散、香芎散等方主治寒热痰壅,心胸烦满,旋覆花功能消痰饮,下结气,除痞满。半夏煮散主治胃冷有酸,呕逆不思饮食,旋覆花功能降胃气,止呕噫。金沸草散主治伤寒感冒,咳嗽不已,胸膈满闷等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳[9]。宋代许叔微《普济本事方》记载旋覆花汤主治心腹中脘痰水冷气,心下汪洋嘈杂等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,下结气,除痞满[10]。宋代张锐《鸡峰普济方》记载川芎散、藁本散等方主治头眩痛,头目昏重,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除头风[11]。宋代陈言《三因极一病证方论》记载神效散主治老少喘嗽,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳。清脉汤主治心中烦满,结塞不通,旋覆花功能消痰饮,下结气,除痞满[12]。宋代杨倓《杨氏家藏方》记载天麻白术丸、独活散主治风湿痰饮,头目旋晕等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除头风。麦门冬散主治肺壅气不升降,中脘有痰,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平咳喘[13]。宋代杨士瀛《仁斋直指方论》记载羌活散主治痰饮风毒上攻眼目所致的昏涩泪花,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵[14]。金代刘完素《黄帝素问宣明论方》记载菊叶汤主治痰饮呕吐,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫[15]。元代许国祯《御药院方》记载上清白附子丸主治诸风痰甚,头痛目眩等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮、除头风。还睛丹主治眼见黑花飞蝇,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵[16]。元代王好古《医垒元戎》记载五饮汤主治饮停肺胃,喘咳胸闷,恶心呕吐,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,除呕噫[17]。元代曾世荣《活幼心书》记载九仙散主治诸目疾,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵。清肺饮主治嗽声不断,气促喘闷等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气、平喘咳[18]。元代危亦林《世医得效方》记载白僵蚕散主治眼目冲风泪出,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵[19]。上述疾病病势向上,旋覆花作用趋向于下,药性沉降。见图 3

图 3 宋、金元时期经典名方中旋覆花升降浮沉药性应用分析 Fig. 3 Analysis on the application of the medicinal properties of Flos Inulae in classic prescriptions of Song and Jin Yuan Dynasties
2.4 明代时期代表性医学典籍

明代朱棣等人编撰的《普济方》记载桑白皮汤、桔梗汤主治咳嗽,上气喘急等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳。白术散主治痰滞胸膈,胃气不和,少思饮食,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫。金沸草散主治痰涎壅塞,头目昏重,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除头风。拨云散、蝉花丸主治内外障眼,翳膜赤脉,胬肉攀睛,多眵多泪等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵[20]。明代董宿《奇效良方》记载独活散主治胸满痰涎,烦闷痞满,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除痞满。旋覆代赭汤主治呕哕恶心,中脘不利,噫气不除等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫[21]。明代吴旻《扶寿精方》记载三花五子丸主治风毒上攻,眼目昏花,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵[22]。明代张时彻《摄生众妙方》记载鸡鸣丸主治诸般咳嗽,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳[23]。明代楼英《医学纲目》记载消翳散主治暴赤眼,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵[24]。明代龚信《古今医鉴》记载补血祛风汤主治头风,每发必掉眩,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除头风[25]。明代万全《万氏家传广嗣纪要》记载旋覆花汤主治肥人恶阻,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫[26]。明代王肯堂《证治准绳》记载紫草厚朴汤主治痘疮烦闷痞满,或坚急,或结聚不散,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除痞满[27]。明代龚廷贤《寿世保元》记载清阳除眩汤主治痰火炎上,眩晕,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除头风[28]。明代孙文胤《丹台玉案》记载泻肺汤、镇肝饮主治浮翳白障,赤脉攀睛,黑风内障等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵[29]。明代傅仁宇《审视瑶函》记载桑白皮汤主治眼目昏蒙涩痛,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除眵[30]。上述病证病势趋向于上,旋覆花作用趋向于下,药性沉降。见图 4

图 4 明代经典名方中旋覆花升降浮沉药性应用分析 Fig. 4 Analysis on the application of the medicinal properties of Flos Inulae in classic prescriptions of Ming Dynasties
2.5 清代时期代表性医学典籍

清代张璐《张氏医通》记载金沸草散主治肺感风寒,咳嗽鼻塞声重,旋覆花功能降肺气,平喘咳。旋覆代赭石汤主治胃虚噫气不除,旋覆花功能降胃气,止呕噫[31]。清代程钟龄《医学心悟》记载加味甘桔汤主治哮喘,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳[32]。清代尤怡《金匮翼》记载赤苓汤主治脚气肿满,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除水肿[33]。清代吴鞠通《温病条辨》记载香附旋覆花汤主治湿温胁痛,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除痞满[34]。清代俞根《重订通俗伤寒论》记载二仁绛覆汤、增减旋覆代赭汤主治嗳气胸痞,呃逆胃胀等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫。胶艾绛覆汤、连茹绛复汤主治痰饮停聚,脘胁串痛等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,除痞满。竹沥涤痰汤主治痰气上壅胸膈之冷哮,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳[35]。清代年希尧《集验良方》记载代赭石散主治呕吐不止,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫[36]。清代吴谦《医宗金鉴》记载燥痰汤、旋覆花汤主治燥痰,产后咳嗽,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降肺气,平喘咳。加味六君汤主治妊娠恶阻,呕吐痰水等证,旋覆花功能消痰饮,降胃气,止呕噫[37]。上述病证病势趋向于上,旋覆花作用趋向于下,药性沉降。见图 5

图 5 清代经典名方中旋覆花升降浮沉药性应用分析 Fig. 5 Analysis on the application of the medicinal properties of Flos Inulae in classic prescriptions of Qing Dynasties
3 讨论

旋覆花始载于《神农本草经》(以下简称《本经》),谓其:“味咸,温。主结气、胁下满、惊悸,除水,去五藏间寒热,补中下气。”[38]虽《本经》未明确指出旋覆花的升降浮沉药性,但从其“除水”“下气”“主结气,胁下满”功用分析,旋覆花最初是作为除水、下气之药,主要用于胸膈痞满之证,其药性以沉降为主,这是古人对旋覆花药性及功能主治的最早概括。后世医家在医疗实践中不断补充完善,梁代陶弘景《名医别录》在《本经》基础上增补了旋覆花“消胸上痰结”“消目中眵”等功能,进一步扩充旋覆花的主治病证为“心胁痰水,膀胱留饮,风气湿痹,皮间死肉,目中眵”[39]。五代吴越日华子《日华子本草》增补了旋覆花“治头风”[40]的功能,丰富了旋覆花的功用记载。虽宋代寇宗奭《本草衍义》首次提出旋覆花具有“辛”味,为“走散之药”[41],但对后世对旋覆花升降浮沉药性的认识影响不大,明代李时珍《本草纲目》仅在旋覆花用药禁忌中提示“患者涉虚者,不宜多服,冷利大肠,宜戒之”[42]。未见古代经典名方对旋覆花升浮药性的应用记载。

现代药理研究表明旋覆花具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、神经保护、抗衰老、降糖调脂、抗过敏、抗动脉硬化、抗心肌损伤、抗氧化、抗黑色素生成、抗肝损伤等多方面的药理活性[43],为进一步阐明旋覆花升降浮沉药性的科学内涵提供了现代文献依据。研究通过梳理古代经典名方中旋覆花的应用情况,清晰地呈现了旋覆花沉降药性的历史应用轨迹,为旋覆花升降浮沉药性的深入研究及指导临床合理用药奠定了古代文献基础。

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Application of ascending, lowering, floating and sinking medicinal properties of the flos inulae in classical formulae
MA Liping1 , LI Jiaxin1 , ZHANG Meiqing1 , DING Liqin1 , QIU Feng2 , ZHANG Deqin1     
1. State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
2. College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Abstract: The present study was conducted to examine the application of the classical prescriptions containing the Flos Inulae in ancient medical texts, in order to prove the medicinal properties of the Flos Inulae and its efficacy in descending the adverse qi flow, resolving phlegm, promoting diuresis and stopping nausea, and the main symptoms of diseases. To confirm the understanding of the medicinal properties of the Flos Inulae in different periods, to compare and analyze the connotation and root causes of the differences in their understanding, and to lay the foundation of literature for deepening the understanding of the medicinal properties of the Flos Inulae and guiding the rational clinical use of medicine.
Key words: Flos Inulae    pharmacopoeia theory    ascending    descending    lifting    floating    classic formula