天津中医药  2023, Vol. 40 Issue (5): 605-607

文章信息

田笑新, 丁宁, 王永涛, 等.
TIAN Xiaoxin, DING Ning, WANG Yongtao, et al.
从肝郁肺虚论治心脏神经官能症的理论探讨
Theoretical discussion on treating cardiac neurosis from liver depression and lung deficiency
天津中医药, 2023, 40(5): 605-607
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 40(5): 605-607
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2023.05.12

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-12-28
从肝郁肺虚论治心脏神经官能症的理论探讨
田笑新 , 丁宁 , 王永涛 , 徐世杰     
中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所,北京 100700
摘要:目前大多数中医学者对心脏神经官能症的发病与治疗多从心、肝、脾、肾出发,较少论及肺。从心肝肺影响气血运行的角度,以阴阳、五行、精气血、津液神及经络学说为工具,通过论述肝与肺的功能及生理病理特性,即“肺藏魄”“肺在声为哭”“在志为悲”“肝主疏泄”“肝为五脏之贼”,生理上,心肝相生为母子,行血与藏血互用;心肺互制同居上焦,气血互用;肝肺互制,龙虎回环调畅气机。病理上,肝在五行属木,木易郁而心火塞,从而乘肺金致肺气虚。同时结合现代研究,提出心脏神经官能症起于肝郁,而肝郁肺虚是心脏神经官能症的病机演变结局之一的观点,并提出论治心脏神经官能症当需辨证论治,对于肝郁肺虚证的患者可疏其肝郁、补其肺气。
关键词心脏神经官能症    肝郁    肺气虚    

心脏神经官能症是中枢神经系统功能失调引起的心血管功能紊乱综合征。主要表现为心悸、气短、胸闷、心前区疼痛甚则心绞痛、呼吸困难、失眠多梦、悲伤欲哭、烦躁焦虑等。由于这些主观症状已经严重影响心脏神经官能症患者的正常生活质量,但其相关检查指标大多无明显异常,西医目前尚无较好的干预方案,而中医药干预对恢复患者正常生活质量有其独特优势。针对心脏神经官能症的临床特点,探讨心脏神经官能症的发病机制,为论治心脏神经官能症提出了新的中医药方案,以期为中医临床提供新的指导意义。

1 心脏神经官能症的发病机制 1.1 多起于肝气郁

现代研究认为[1]心血管系统受神经及内分泌系统双重调节,而神经内分泌系统对应于中医理论则多由肝心参与并支配。《四诊抉微·足厥阴肝经》云:“呵欠面青,惊悸,心肝并见。”心肝在五行对应为母子关系,心为肝之子,受肝影响与调配。中医学认为,肝为“刚脏”,存刚强躁急之性,其气升发,能启迪诸脏,使诸脏之气生升而冲和,《外经微言·寒热舒肝篇》云:“肝喜疏泄,不喜闭藏。”现今人群压力增大,从而情志不得舒展,闭藏于内,触动于肝则表现为易亢易逆易郁的趋势,肝母先病,心子必承之,进而出现如烦躁焦虑、失眠多梦、胸闷、气短等心脏神经官能症临床证候群。

1.2 发于肺之神志声异常

《灵枢·五癃津液别第三十六》云:“五脏六腑之津液,尽上渗于目,心悲气并,则心系急。心系急则肺举,肺举则液上溢。夫心系与肺,不能常举,乍上乍下,故咳而泣出矣。”此与肺在志为悲相通。心脏神经官能症患者神志异常的症状多表现为失眠、心烦、善悲等多与五神五志的失常有关,大多学者已论述其与心、肝有关,尚未涉及肺,但从理论探求,实则与肺亦有较大相关。宋建平团队研究发现[2],肺对于多种激素如多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺等具有灭活作用,这是肺导致人体产生低落情绪的作用机制之一,与中医学的“肺主悲”“其声在哭”的观点一致。《重辑严氏济生方·怔忡论治》认识到心疾日久而易悲忧,故曰:“怔忡不已,变生诸证,舌强恍惚,善忧悲。”况心脏神经官能症起于肝郁,肝郁便侮肺金,肺又为娇脏,见肝之压制,则肺气削弱而成虚,肺虚则更动悲伤情绪,易于哭泣,甚则反侮心火,致使心神不守而加重心系症状,如失眠、心烦、心悸等。

肺藏魄,魄不藏则感觉异常。魄主人体无意识的感觉状态[3],西医学表示当患者情绪、心理、精神等无意识活动受到刺激后,其中枢神经系统的抑制与兴奋功能发生障碍,从而对植物神经的调节不合理,致使心血管系统出现紊乱、交感神经张力异常增大而出现的病症[4]

1.3 演变为木郁火塞而乘金

足厥阴肝经与手太阴肺经相连相通。《灵枢·经脉》谓足厥阴肝经“其支者,复从肝,别贯膈,上注肺”,故肺气不达,则肝气不利。而气之为病多分为两大类:气虚与气滞。金永梅等[5]认为肝郁为心脏神经官能症的基本病机之一。其不足,则己所不胜侮而乘之,己所胜轻而侮之。”肝郁则气升失常,木郁不达,木气壅盛侮于肺金,肺金反受制衡,更受心火之乘,气滞与气虚兼见,气滞多在肝,气虚多在肺,故可出现肝郁肺虚的病理机制,故心脏神经官能症患者常表现为心悸、气短、呼吸困难、胸闷、烦躁焦虑等。总之木郁火塞,火塞一方面导致火无处宣泄而行克制金;另一面致使火不生土,而土为金之母,土不生则金累损。以上均为木火不良流通,从而直接影响到肺,故肝气刚,肺气损。

2 解肝郁以疏肝为要

五运六气理论中[6]论述五郁之郁气是指被胜气所抑郁的气。同时又指出“木郁达之”,其中“达”为“条达”“疏达”之意,即解肝郁应以疏解肝气为要。疏肝多选用逍遥散、四逆散、柴胡疏肝散、舒肝丸等。研究表明[7-8]柴胡中药制剂与逍遥散能改善心脏神经官能症患者的临床症状,比用西药治疗疗效显著提高,且不良反应较少。疏肝要中病即止[9],剂型以散剂为好,若作煎剂不可久煎,恐影响药物效果,一般以煎15 min左右为宜,以空腹或半饥饱服为宜。疏解肝气还应掌握在木气发气先兆到来之时予以治疗干涉。

3 肺虚以治肺为主 3.1 肺气虚当助肺气而制心火

五行理论中火能克金,肺气虚心火即来乘之。故肺气虚在扶助肺气的同时,当佐以承制心火。傅山治疗怔忡、不寐、心悸时选用其验方“安寐丹”,方取酸枣仁汤之意养肝血,合用生脉散补肺气制心火[10];方药中补肺多选用补肺阿胶汤、生脉散、麦冬汤之类,常用人参、黄芪、麦冬、五味子、阿胶、银耳、冬虫夏草之药,认为此药物可常服,但需在其中配伍适当健脾和胃之药,以求刚柔相济,消补并行,多选择汤剂或膏剂,以间断服用为宜,当症状基本控制后可改服丸剂;承制心火常用玄参、竹叶、麦冬、栀子、地黄等药。

3.2 通因通用当利肺气以补气

心脏神经官能症患者常见症状即为胸痹心痛,在《灵枢·厥病》中明确提出肺心痛这一名词,谓“厥心痛,卧若徒居,心痛间,动作,痛益甚,色不变,肺心痛也,取之鱼际、太渊。”鱼际为手太阴肺经之荥穴,荥主身热;太渊为手太阴肺经之输穴与原穴,输主体重节痛,原穴为脏腑之气流注汇聚之处,此选穴意为肺心痛者急需疏利肺之气机,以安肺主治节之功。

3.3 肺虚神乱可补肺通神

百合与桂枝为补肺通神的要药。《神农本草经》云:“百合,味甘性平。主治邪气腹胀。心痛……补中益气。”由此见百合单用可主心痛,观张仲景所论百合病之神志异常与心脏神经官能症颇为相似,其选方譬如百合地黄汤,以味甘之百合配伍味苦寒之生地黄,甘以补,苦以泄,寒以清,且《素问·脏气法时论》曰:“肺色白,宜食苦。”此甘苦合用,刚柔并济。百合乃得土金之气,入心肺二经,神志失常而见涕泪用百合效佳。又譬如百合知母汤、百合鸡子汤、百合洗方及百合滑石散,此用药皆以百合为君,蕴含肺之变而悲生泪流,且影响心肝的病机。

肺朝百脉,桂枝益肺,能益宗气以行呼吸、主治节;桂枝畅达肝气则肝能疏泄气血;桂枝温心则能行血脉,观张仲景用桂枝加甘草治疗奔豚之气从少腹上冲心者,桂枝量倍于甘草以治其人叉手自冒心者;用茯苓甘草汤,茯苓桂枝等量以治心下悸者,均与心脏神经官能症症状相似。桂枝更能通神,许源等[11]研究发现桂枝中桂皮醛具有镇静和抗惊厥作用,能改善心脏神经官能症患者神经系统紊乱所造成的感觉障碍,如心痛、失眠、烦躁等。张仲景用柴胡桂枝汤、柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤、桂枝去芍药加蜀漆牡蛎龙骨救逆汤等均用桂枝以通神。

4 小结

中医药对于心脏神经官能症的干预有独特优势,笔者从心肝肺之间的生理病理联系出发,对心脏神经官能症的发病、症状与治疗进行了阐述,提出了木郁火塞而克金,从而形成肝木郁、肺金损的心脏神经官能症发病特点,并结合文献与临床,认为解肝郁以温肝疏肝为要,常用逍遥散、四逆散、柴胡疏肝散、舒肝丸等,要中病即止;补肺金需助肺气而制心火,通因通用可选穴鱼际与太渊,补肺通神可用药百合与桂枝。

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Theoretical discussion on treating cardiac neurosis from liver depression and lung deficiency
TIAN Xiaoxin , DING Ning , WANG Yongtao , XU Shijie     
Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
Abstract: At present, most Chinese medicine practitioners treat cardiac neurosis (CN) from the heart, liver, spleen and kidney, rarely discuss the lung. And this article uses the hexagrams and the theory of the five elements as tools, from the perspective of the heart, liver and lung's movement of qi and blood and discusses the functions and physiological and pathological characteristics of the liver and lungs, namely, "lung holds the soul" "lung is crying" and "lung is determined to be sad" "liver governs dispersal" "liver is the thief of the five internal organs". Physiologically, the heart and the liver are born as mother and child, the blood circulation and storage are mutually used; the heart and lungs interact with each other in shangjiao and the qi and blood are mutually used. Liver and lungs interact with each other system, the dragon and tiger loop to adjust the air machine. Pathologically, the liver belongs to the wood in the five elements and the wood is easy to be stagnant and the heart is blocked by fire, which leads to lung qi deficiency by taking advantage of the lung gold. Furthermore, it is proposed that CN originates from stagnation of the liver and liver stagnation and lung deficiency is one of the outcome of the pathogenesis of CN. It is also proposed that the treatment of CN should be based on syndrome differentiation. For patients with liver stagnation and lung deficiency, lung qi can be supplemented and liver can be soothed and gloomy. At the same time, it discusses its specific treatment methods based on the theory of luck and depression, the experience of ancient physicians and modern classic cases, in order to provide a new perspective and reference for the clinical treatment of CN.
Key words: cardiac neurosis    liver depression    lung qi deficiency