天津中医药  2023, Vol. 40 Issue (5): 668-674

文章信息

田雨农, 陈晓鹏, 李越.
TIAN Yunong, CHEN Xiaopeng, LI Yue.
六味地黄方对中枢神经系统疾病药理作用的研究进展
Research progress on pharmacological effects of Liuwei Dihuang Prescription on central nervous system diseases
天津中医药, 2023, 40(5): 668-674
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 40(5): 668-674
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2023.05.22

文章历史

收稿日期: 2023-02-07
六味地黄方对中枢神经系统疾病药理作用的研究进展
田雨农 , 陈晓鹏 , 李越     
天津中医药大学中医药研究院,组分中药国家重点实验室,天津 301617
摘要:中枢神经系统疾病给患者和社会都造成了巨大痛苦,但是依旧缺乏令人满意的治疗方法。中枢神经系统处于神经内分泌免疫网络(NIM)之中,受到免疫系统以及内分泌系统的影响。中医“肾虚”的概念与NIM紊乱相关。六味地黄方常被用来治疗“肾阴虚”,其作用机制与NIM密切相关。六味地黄方在临床上也可以被用来治疗中枢神经系统疾病,不仅用于治疗阿尔兹海默症、帕金森症、脑卒中、围绝经期伴随的焦虑抑郁,更被应用于精神分裂症的治疗。总结了六味地黄方如何从神经系统、内分泌系统、免疫系统3个层次发挥了对中枢神经系统疾病的治疗作用,以期挖掘出六味地黄方在神经发育障碍疾病及其他中枢神经系统疾病的潜在治疗可能性。
关键词六味地黄方    神经内分泌免疫网络    中枢神经系统疾病    

中枢神经系统疾病一般包括神经退行性疾病、神经系统发育障碍疾病、颅脑损伤以及精神疾病等,具有多样性、复杂性、难治性的特点,给患者、家庭乃至社会都带来了巨大的痛苦。虽然对于中枢神经系统的研究越来越多,但这些疾病发病机制复杂,尚缺乏有效的治疗方法。中药复方具有多靶点、多途径的协同作用,这种策略和现代多靶点治疗复杂疾病的原理不谋而合。因此,近年来研究者把目光转向了传统中医药领域来寻找解决办法。

六味地黄方出自钱乙《小儿药证直诀》,从金匮肾气丸化裁而来,由熟地黄、酒山茱萸、牡丹皮、山药、茯苓、泽泻构成,治疗小儿肾怯失音、囟开不合、神气不足等证。经过明清两代运用与发展,六味地黄方作为滋补肾阴的代表方剂被广泛使用[1]。随着时代的发展,六味地黄方的剂型也不再仅限于最原始的汤剂更包括后来的六味地黄丸(LW)、六味地黄方水提物(LW-WE)乃至六味地黄有效成分组合(LW-AFC)。中医认为“肾通于脑”,既肾藏精,精生髓,髓聚于脑,中枢神经系统与“肾”的关系尤为密切,故六味地黄方也被用于中枢神经系统疾病的治疗[2]

六味地黄方的部分有效成分可以顺利地通过血脑屏障进入大脑之中。给予六味地黄丸后,对小鼠脑脊液进行测试发现其中含有莫诺苷、(-)-奎宁酸、阿魏酸、芍药苷、泛酸、5-羟甲基糠醛和尿苷等7种六味地黄方原型成分。结合网络药理学研究者发现(-)-奎宁酸、阿魏酸、芍药苷、泛酸、5-羟甲基糠醛和尿苷等成分均对中枢神经系统有一定的保护作用[3]。在另一项六味地黄方治疗脑瘫的研究中,研究人员对给药后脑瘫模型大鼠尿液进行分析,并利用中医方证代谢组学得出6-O-甲基梓醇、莫诺苷、丹皮酚原苷、毛蕊花苷、獐牙菜苷脱水的代谢产物为六味地黄方发挥作用的有效成分[4]。随着分析化学与代谢组学的进步,六味地黄方作用于中枢神经系统疾病的物质基础愈发的清晰。

在临床上,六味地黄方不仅用于阿尔兹海默症、帕金森症、脑卒中、围绝经期伴随的焦虑抑郁还被应用在精神分裂症的治疗。然而,关于六味地黄方对中枢神经系统疾病作用机制的研究尚缺乏系统连贯性。因此,研究对六味地黄方在中枢神经系统疾病上的作用以及如何通过内分泌系统和免疫系统发挥作用进行详明阐述,以期为深入理解六味地黄方对中枢神经系统疾病的治疗作用提供思路,进一步推动挖掘其药用价值,扩大临床适用范围,为临床合理用药给予依据。

1 六味地黄方对于中枢神经疾病的作用机制

神经系统、内分泌系统与免疫系统三者之间通过神经递质、激素、炎症因子互相联系互相影响。就中枢神经系统而言,神经元上存在大量炎症因子以及激素的受体,免疫功能失调或者内分泌紊乱都会导致中枢神经系统疾病[5]。现代研究表明中医“肾虚”的概念与神经内分泌免疫网络(NIM)紊乱有关[6]。中医理论认为六味地黄方主治“肾阴虚”,现在研究表明其作用机制与神经系统、内分泌系统、免疫系统密切相关。六味地黄汤的有效成分提取物(LW-AFC)治疗AD模型小鼠的实验表明,其不仅改善了小鼠的认知能力,同时也降低了小鼠的激素水平还影响了炎症因子的表达和免疫细胞的数量[7]。随着生物化学、分子生物学和免疫细胞化学技术等多学科的融合与发展,关注神经-内分泌-免疫系统之间相互作用的报道接踵而至,大量文献表明六味地黄方对于中枢系统疾病的治疗作用并非只涉及到神经系统更通过内分泌系统及免疫系统来发挥作用。故笔者从这3个层次阐述六味地黄方对于中枢神经系统疾病的作用机制。见表 1

表 1 六味地黄方作用机制表 Tab. 1 Action mechanism table of Liuwei Dihuang Prescription
2 神经系统

六味地黄方具有改善认知功能以及神经保护的作用。临床研究发现六味地黄方可以有效改善阿尔兹海默病、精神分裂、血管性疾病等一系列原因造成的中轻度认知功能障碍[23-24]。药理研究表明这可能与六味地黄方及其含药血清(LWCS)具有调节或改善神经元和突触功能的作用有关。应用LWCS处理大鼠海马神经元后,延迟整流K+电流(IK)和电压门控Ca2+电流(ICa)的幅度降低。而自发兴奋性突触后电流(sEPSC)和微型兴奋性突触后电流(mEPSC)的频率显著增加[19]。LW通过抑制电压依赖性钙通道(VDCCs)和促进NMDA受体的功能来提高突触可塑性[10]。此外,六味地黄汤还改善了大鼠齿状回空间记忆功能并增加了神经发生[11]

六味地黄方联合西药治疗可以明显改善中轻度阿尔兹海默症患者的认知功能[25]。药理研究发现LW-AFC可以改善AD模型小鼠许多认知行为,如空间学习和记忆能力、被动和主动回避反应以及物体识别记忆能力。六味地黄汤增加了bFGF的表达,从而激活Notch信号通路,最终改善衰老小鼠认知功能障碍[13]。六味地黄方也能改善帕金森模型小鼠的运动功能障碍[14]。LWDH-WE还可以通过上调SMN保护多巴胺能神经元改善帕金森病模型的运动能力[16]。此外,LW-AFC可以缓解动物模型中的AD样病理,例如神经元丢失[12]。LWDH-WE增加抗氧化防御酶(SOD、GSH)、减少ROS产生和下调NADPH氧化酶(Nox2和Nox4)的表达从而减少了MPP+诱导的氧化损伤。同时,LWDH-WE通过改善MPP+处理的神经元中的线粒体膜电位、增加抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达和下调凋亡信号传导(Bax、细胞色素c、cleaved-Caspase3)来抑制神经元凋亡[15]

3 内分泌系统

激素水平的异常也会影响中枢神经系统疾病的发生发展。2型糖尿病是由胰岛素分泌不足或作用缺陷引起的代谢异常疾病,糖尿病会引起大脑的认知功能障碍和生理结构改变[26-27]。现代研究表明2型糖尿病与PI3K/AKT通路有关[23]。PI3K/AKT是胰岛素信号的主要响应通路。当进食后,葡萄糖进入血液促进胰岛素的释放,胰岛素会激活PI3K/AKT信号通路来促进细胞吸收利用葡萄糖。2型糖尿病会出现PI3K/AKT通路对胰岛素的敏感性降低的现象,这被称为胰岛素抵抗。六味地黄方在临床上对2型糖尿病及其伴随的认知功能障碍有很好的疗效[28]。六味地黄丸对糖尿病的作用可能与其通过激活PI3K/AKT通路来降低胰岛素抵抗有关[29]。实验证明,其对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病脑病大鼠记忆和认知缺陷有改善作用,并增加了糖尿病脑病大鼠海马和大脑皮质中IGF-1和BDNF的表达,减少Caspase-3的表达和Aβ沉积[17]。PI3K/AKT通路在中枢神经系统中发挥着重要的作用,是治疗中枢神经系统疾病极具潜力的靶点。六味地黄汤改善糖尿病脑病大鼠抑郁样行为,可能是通过激活AMPK/AKT/GSK3β/Nrf2通路,改变了腹侧海马的氧化应激状态,促进髓鞘修复[22]。此外,六味地黄方通过调控PI3K/AKT通路相关mRNA的变化治疗抑郁的作用已被证实[18]

围绝经期综合征存在着剧烈的激素水平波动,往往也伴随着焦虑抑郁的产生。在围绝经期综合征的治疗中,患者表现出促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)水平升高及血清雌二醇水平下降,使用六味地黄丸联合小剂量雌孕激素替代疗法可以显著改善临床症状以及上述激素水平[30]。在临床试验中,六味地黄方对于围绝经期综合征伴随的抑郁、焦虑有很好的治疗效果。六味地黄丸和帕罗西汀联合穴位按摩治疗女性肾阴虚型更年期失眠抑郁和焦虑的疗效显著[19]。此外六味地黄丸配合八段锦对围绝经期抑郁焦虑也具有一定的治疗效果[31]。六味地黄方能够起到很好的调节激素水平的作用。通过垂吊造成小鼠雌激素水平应激降低后,经六味地黄丸治疗,血清中雌二醇、垂体中黄体生成素和下丘脑中促性腺激素释放激素的浓度显著增加[32]。六味地黄汤对慢性抑郁大鼠记忆障碍的改善作用,也与其能够增加血清中雌激素有关[18]。六味地黄丸能刺激原代培养大鼠睾丸间质细胞分泌睾酮(T)[33]。有临床报道使用阿立哌唑和六味地黄方联用不仅改善了精神分裂男性患者的状态,同时也改善了其性功能[34]。有趣的是六味地黄方对脑损伤造成的认知保护作用有性别依赖性差异,雌性的效果要优于雄性[20]。这两者之间的联系尚不清楚,值得进一步探索。

4 免疫系统

炎症是介导各种中枢神经系统疾病症状的重要诱因,比例高达25%[35]。神经系统和免疫系统存在双向通信机制[36]。精神疾病患者体内的炎症和氧化应激水平显著增加[37]。脑卒中、阿尔兹海默病、自闭症等疾病也都伴随着严重的炎症[38-40],如缺血性或者出血性脑卒中存在炎症损伤[41];阿尔兹海默病患者脑内细胞因子,趋化因子等炎症标志物明显上升[40, 42];神经炎症更是促进帕金森病的发生与发展[43]。炎性介质会引发组织水肿,此外大量的中性粒细胞聚集后浸润到组织中,释放溶酶体酶,使组织发生蛋白水解性破坏并产生自由基,引起脂质过氧化反应,破坏膜的结构和功能,导致对脑细胞的损伤[44]。各种炎症因子也会干扰神经元的正常功能,影响突触的形成以及新生神经元的发育[45]。此外,怀孕期间发生感染或介导免疫细胞因子的释放也会造成退行性疾病以及神经发育障碍[46]。通过调控免疫系统抑制炎症来治疗神经系统的症状是未来的重要研究方向之一。

六味地黄方发挥作用的机制也与其能够调控免疫系统改善炎症水平有关。红斑狼疮是一种典型的能够累及中枢神经系统的免疫系统疾病。使用六味地黄丸治疗系统性红斑狼疮患者后能够有效降低其血清中IL-4及MCP-4水平,同时能够有效恢复Th1和Th2细胞免疫平衡[47]。药理研究也表明六味地黄方发挥作用与其能够抑制炎症调节免疫系统有关。LW-AFC是六味地黄方有效成分提取物,其主要为多糖。给小鼠注射LW-AFC后具有解热作用,并改善LPS诱导的受损LTP,减轻海马小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的激活,调节癫痫和血源性脑出血中的正常淋巴细胞亚群,减少脑和血浆中细胞因子的分泌[21]。另外,六味地黄丸通过调控PI3K/AKT/FoxO3a信号通路,下调自噬相关因子ATG5、Beclin-1、LC3B表达和减少凋亡有效改善了快速老化SAMP8 AD模型小鼠的学习记忆能力并保护了神经元[48]。在一些中枢神经系统疾病的治疗和研究中,对于炎症的干预应该被人们重视起来,或许能有意想不到的结果。

5 讨论

六味地黄方对于中枢神经系统疾病治疗的研究体现了中药复方多系统多靶点治疗的优势。中枢神经系统疾病不只涉及到自身病变,更会受到内分泌系统和免疫系统的影响。激素水平的波动、炎症乃至氧化应激都会累及中枢神经系统。如前所述围绝经期综合症伴随的焦虑抑郁,单纯的抗抑郁药物治疗并不能起到很好的疗效,使用六味地黄方则能取得很好的作用。六味地黄方不仅改善认知功能缺陷,还能有效地治疗激素水平的波动、炎症造成的中枢神经系统疾病。正因为神经系统与内分泌系统、免疫系统存在密不可分的联系,对于一些中枢神经系统疾病的治疗就更需要整体化、系统化的治疗方法。六味地黄方便为应对这种情况提供了一种可行的治疗方案。不仅仅是神经内分泌免疫系统,人体中各系统的紧密联系普遍存在着,有些疾病单从局部出发往往不能取得很好的效果,而中医药对这种情况的应对早已走在了前面。

遗憾的是过去对于六味地黄方治疗中枢神经系统的研究更多地集中在神经退行性疾病,以及其在改善认知方面所具有的作用,忽略了其在神经发育障碍疾病上的潜力。六味地黄方最初是被用来治疗小儿发育不良,即小儿“先天不足”,其在治疗儿童发育疾病上有先天的优势。结合六味地黄方在多种神经系统疾病的研究中均表现出对认知具有优秀的改善作用,作者大胆地推测六味地黄方也可以用在自闭症等神经发育障碍疾病上。神经发育障碍疾病发病机制复杂往往也伴随着神经系统、内分泌系统以及免疫系统的问题,结合以上论述可看出六味地黄方对于治疗神经系统发育障碍疾病的巨大潜力。希望后来的研究者能够进行六味地黄方对于神经发育障碍疾病的临床实验以及相关药理作用的研究来填补六味地黄方在这一领域的空白。

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Research progress on pharmacological effects of Liuwei Dihuang Prescription on central nervous system diseases
TIAN Yunong , CHEN Xiaopeng , LI Yue     
Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Abstract: Central nervous system diseases have caused great pain to patients and society, but there is still a lack of satisfactory treatment. Liuwei Dihuang Prescription can be used to treat CNS diseases in clinic, not only for the treatment of alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, stroke, anxiety and depression associated with peri-menopause, but also for the treatment of schizophrenia. The CNS is in the neuroendocrine immune network(NIM), which is affected by the immune system and endocrine system. The concept of "kidney deficiency" in traditional Chinese medicine is related to NIM disorder. Liuwei Dihuang Prescription is often used to treat "kidney deficiency", and its mechanism is closely related to NIM. This review summarizes the crucial role of Liuwei Dihuang Prescription in the treatment of CNS disorders from three fields: nervous system, endocrine system and immune system. In order to explore the potential treatment of Liuwei Dihuang Prescription in neurodevelopmental disorders and other CNS diseases.
Key words: Liuwei Dihuang Prescription    neuroendocrine immune network    central nervous system diseases