天津中医药  2023, Vol. 40 Issue (7): 934-939

文章信息

汪世婷, 韩冰, 卢佳萱, 等.
WANG Shiting, HAN Bing, LU Jiaxuan, et al.
中医干预乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的临床研究近况
Clinical research progress of traditional Chinese medicine on insomnia after endocrine therapy for breast cancer
天津中医药, 2023, 40(7): 934-939
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 40(7): 934-939
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2023.07.19

文章历史

收稿日期: 2023-04-28
中医干预乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的临床研究近况
汪世婷1 , 韩冰1 , 卢佳萱1 , 贺佳文1 , 金志超2 , 王瑞平2     
1. 南京中医药大学第一临床医学院,南京 210000;
2. 江苏省中医院肿瘤内科,南京 210000
摘要:内分泌治疗是雌激素受体和(或)孕激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者的重要治疗方法,其中失眠是治疗后常见的不良反应之一,严重影响了患者的生活质量。文章从中医病名、病因病机及治法等方面对乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的研究近况进行综述,介绍了近年来中医药治疗乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的研究进展,旨在通过综述为乳腺癌失眠的临床治疗提供理论依据与指导。乳腺癌内分泌后失眠的基本病机为肾虚毒蕴,中医药干预的常用治法包括中药方剂疗法、针刺疗法、针药联合疗法、穴位贴敷疗法、推拿法及芳香疗法等,这些疗法安全、经济,且内外兼顾,具有疗效显著、依从性高及不良反应少的优点。
关键词乳腺癌    内分泌治疗    失眠    中医药治疗    研究进展    

据2020年全球最新癌症负担数[1]显示,全世界的乳腺癌新发病例已高达226万例,成为世界第一大癌症。乳腺癌和失眠的发病率呈正相关,乳腺癌患者之中失眠的发生率高达42%~69%[2],长期使用镇静催眠药物的失眠患者发生乳腺癌的风险也最少增加了2.2倍[3]。临床上主要应用镇静催眠类药物干预失眠,此类药物起效快,但无法避免药物依赖性、停药反应和后遗效应,而雌激素小剂量补充也对内分泌治疗的卵巢抑制策略不利。中医讲究辨证论治,故而有着效果明显、依从性高及不良反应少的优点。文章综述内分泌疗法对乳腺癌患者睡眠障碍的影响,回顾近年来中医药在乳腺癌内分泌治疗后继发失眠中的治疗进展,为临床治疗补充理论依据。

1 乳腺癌内分泌治疗与失眠的相关性

Sepulveda[4]对各个种类的肿瘤患者进行研究,结果表明乳腺癌在肿瘤患者中,出现睡眠问题的比例最高(37.8%)。这归结于乳腺癌的一大特性——激素依赖性。60%~70%乳腺癌患者体内的雌激素受体(ER)和(或)孕激素受体(PR)呈阳性[5],这意味着乳腺癌标准的辅助治疗建议包括5~10年抗雌激素内分泌治疗。乳腺癌患者最常见的内分泌疗法是抑制雌激素的合成(即芳香化酶抑制剂)或使用选择性雌激素受体调节剂(即他莫西芬),降低体内雌激素,从而有效地减少乳腺癌复发。虽然内分泌治疗可以较大程度地控制乳腺癌进展,但药物对女性卵巢去势效果也可能对循环雌激素调节的多个系统产生影响,造成以失眠心悸、潮热多汗、面赤头晕、血压改变等症状的类更年期综合征[6]。刘翠芳等[7]进一步剖析了乳腺癌术后失眠的相关性因素,发现在多种诊疗方式中,进行内分泌治疗的乳腺癌术后患者最易继发失眠(71.08%)。Moscetti[8]等探讨了24例乳腺癌患者使用芳香化酶抑制剂后停药的原因,除关节痛为主以外,失眠便是其中之一。

除了可能影响内分泌治疗的风险之外,睡眠质量不良还会显著降低乳腺癌幸存者的生活质量,特别是增加疲劳,这是许多乳腺癌幸存者正在面临的一大困境。有研究表明[9-10],在癌症和非癌症人群中,睡眠障碍与认知能力下降和痴呆有关。重要的是,一些研究已经将不良睡眠与乳腺癌女性生存率降低联系起来[11-12],并被认为是癌症进展的一个重要风险。

2 中医对乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的基本认识 2.1 病名讨论

乳腺癌内分泌治疗后的失眠在中医上没有特定对应的病名,但中医认为这是乳岩的伴随表现,属于“不得卧”“不寐”“不得眠”“目不瞑”等范畴。“不得卧”的记载最早可追溯于《足臂十一脉灸经》和《阴阳十一脉灸经》。后来“不寐”这一病名出现于《难经·四十六难》,云:“老人卧而不寐,少壮寐而不寤,何也……故昼不能精,夜不能寐也,故知老人不能寐也。”《黄帝内经》关于该病的记载较多,如不得卧、卧不安、目不瞑等。汉代张仲景称其为不得眠、不能卧等,创立了酸枣仁汤等经方,沿用至今。

2.2 病因病机研究

现代医家对激素依赖性乳腺癌失眠的病机认识各持见解。夏桂成教授认为,药物抑制卵巢功能客观上造成了癸水早衰的状态,肾阴亏于下不能上济于心,心火亢则阴愈虚,心肾失于交合,不能推动阴阳转化,夜间阳不能入于阴而致不寐。因此乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的基本病机为:心肾不交,水火失济[13]。吴良村教授认为病位主要在肝、肾,涉及肺与脾,内分泌治疗往往对“肾-天癸-冲任-胞宫”轴的功能造成损伤,亏耗精血,于是出现了一系列阴虚症状,呈现出“上热、中困、下虚”的病理特点,初期仅为肺阴不足,渐而气阴两虚,久之将发展为肝肾阴亏[14]。林毅教授认为乳腺癌经治疗后脏腑易损,加之情志不遂,致使肝失条达,肝木乘土,脾不健运,气血不能正常运行,终致心失所养,因此乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的基本病机为肝郁脾虚[15]。王道坤教授将张仲景的学术思想作为理论基础,提出“肝郁脾虚”是乳腺癌发病的重要病因,临床治疗当以“调和肝脾、化瘀消积”为要[16]。万冬桂教授认为乳腺癌失眠的实证与肝郁、痰火、血瘀有关,虚证则常见于阴血不足,不论虚实治疗应当顾护脾胃[17]。裴晓华教授认为肾为元气之根,乳腺癌内分泌治疗实则损伤了肾气,导致肾之阴阳失和,累及他脏,尤以阴虚多见[18]。此外,围绝经期失眠与乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠相比,其发生发展同样与激素水平密切相关,崔向宁教授将围绝经期失眠的病因病机归结于肾虚肝郁,心火亢盛[19],亦可供参考。

综上,乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的主要病位在肾,与心、肝、脾密切相关。乳腺癌毒易损脏腑后天气血,内分泌治疗“药毒”又伤人体先天阴阳,因而该病以肾阴肾阳不足为主,兼见心火亢盛、肝气郁结及脾虚失运等,其基本病机为“肾虚毒蕴”,多属虚实夹杂之症。临床上常见的辨证分型有心肾不交型、肝郁肾虚型、肝郁脾虚型和脾肾阳虚型等。

3 临床治法研究 3.1 内服法 3.1.1 交通心肾法

该法用于治疗乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠属心肾不交者,制约亢盛之心火,滋补匮乏之肾水,核心方剂为交泰丸、天王补心丹、潜阳封髓丹等。交泰丸中黄连降心火而不炎上,肉桂暖水脏而不润下,如此则水火既济,神魂安宁。夏桂成教授所创制的清心滋肾方与其有异曲同工之妙,方中莲子心、黄连清心火,熟地黄、山萸肉补肾阴,加入浮小麦、合欢皮、酸枣仁、钩藤宁心安神,煅龙齿、煅牡蛎潜镇浮阳,全方泻南补北,燮理阴阳,作用于乳腺癌内分泌治疗后心肾不交型失眠疗效颇佳[13]。黄运芳等[20]发现交泰丸通过调控外周及中枢神经递质含量,提高血浆中的5-羟色胺(5-HT)水平以起到交通心肾的作用。武文忠[21]把乳腺癌类更年期综合征患者随机分组,对照组使用常规内分泌治疗,观察组在此基础上使用甘麦大枣汤联合天王补心丹,结果表明观察组的症状分数均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。李红霞等[22]通过研究发现,潜阳封髓丹加减可用于治疗Luminal A型乳腺癌患者术后他莫昔芬治疗后出现的失眠症状,且一定程度上调节了性激素的分泌。李叶枚等[23]自拟加减防己地黄汤治疗乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠,全方既调理阴阳、交通心肾,又调理冲任、解郁化痰,可有效减轻失眠以及其他类更年期症状。

3.1.2 疏肝益肾法

该法用于肝郁肾虚的虚实夹杂之证,肝藏血,肾藏精,若精血亏虚、乙癸不足,则心神失养,易致不寐,应当强调培补先天肾气,兼疏肝郁养肝体,常用方剂有二仙汤等。裴俊文等[24]将60例乳腺癌内分泌治疗后患者随机分成对照组和治疗组,对照组给予自主神经功能调节剂,治疗组给予丹栀逍遥散合二仙汤治疗,结果显示对照组有效率为66.67%,治疗组则为90.00%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。李丛珊等[25]研究表明,观察组(口服柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤加减+谷维素片)跟对照组(口服谷维素片)相比,治疗激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者的潮热汗出、失眠心悸等症状疗效更佳。王晓玲等[26]对激素依赖性乳腺癌患者给予内分泌治疗联合舒肝益肾方中药口服,观察中药对于内分泌治疗不良反应的影响,治疗后观察组的焦虑抑郁、不寐等症状评分较治疗前显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。吴乾等[5]、李萍萍等[27]的临床对照试验运用“疏肝解郁、凉血安神”中药结合内分泌治疗乳腺癌患者失眠症状38例,并结合前期的基础实验研究,证明舒肝凉血方可以改善内分泌治疗所致的失眠症状,提高患者生活质量。

3.1.3 肝脾同调法

肝脾两脏在生理上彼此依赖,病理上也互相影响,“见肝之病,知肝传脾,当先实脾”(《金匮要略》)便论述了“肝脾同调”这一治法,乳腺癌失眠属土虚木乘者用之获效。焦蕉等[28]观察逍遥散化裁方对于乳癌患者经治疗后并发肝郁脾虚型抑郁综合征的临床治疗效果,发现中药组治疗有效率为87.5%,对照组为45.8%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。覃霄燕等[29]将88例肝郁脾虚型乳腺癌患者分为两组,治疗组予以疏肝宁神汤口服联合耳穴压豆疗法,对照组予以艾司唑仑口服,治疗10 d后,治疗组失眠总有效率为91.1%,明显优于对照组的79.0%,治疗组匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)评分也显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。巫佳[30]通过观察自拟安更汤对乳腺癌内分泌治疗后肝郁脾虚型类更年期综合征患者的临床疗效指标,证明肝脾同调法对于肝郁脾虚型乳腺癌失眠患者具有肯定疗效。张静雯[31]通过临床试验研究,发现三花逍遥散对乳腺癌内分泌治疗后肝郁脾虚型类更年期综合征患者在不影响雌激素水平的情况下,还具有改善睡眠、减少潮热汗出等症状的确切疗效。

3.1.4 脾肾双补法

脾为后天之本,肾为先天之本,脾肾共主气血生成,是人体生命之本,对于乳腺癌以虚劳表现为主者,必须以培补脾肾为根本。谭玲娟等[32]选取60例乳腺癌内分泌后失眠属冲任失调者进行临床试验,结果显示健脾滋肾方起到了益气养阴、宁心安神的功效,提高患者睡眠质量,改善了全身症状。《难经》中指出:“积者,阴气也。”素体阳虚者,阳气无力推动和温煦气血运行,痰瘀互结,久而成癌,这类乳腺癌患者,经西医治疗后更容易出现或加重畏寒肢冷、失眠纳差、脉象沉迟等寒象。“温肾钩藤饮”同为夏桂成教授所开创的防治乳腺癌内分泌治疗后类更年期综合征的方剂,由党参、钩藤、莲子心、茯神、合欢皮、补骨脂、怀山药等药组成,功能清心健脾、温肾固本,尤其适用于脾肾元气大伤、心肝营血不足的患者[33]。宗岩等[34]选择58例乳腺癌术后患者进行随机对照试验,发现温肾钩藤饮治疗组的PSQI量表各项分数均明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。刘双文[35]通过对照试验证实温阳益气方能减轻乳腺癌内分泌治疗后出现的一系列寒象,治疗总有效率为78.57%,方中使用了肉桂、淫羊藿、补骨脂等温补脾肾的药味。

3.2 外治法 3.2.1 针刺疗法

Walker等[36]在美国治疗放射学和肿瘤学协会第50届年会上介绍了1项研究:针刺疗法可以有效地持续减轻乳腺癌患者内分泌治疗后所产生的潮热、多汗、失眠等症状,且较服用抗抑郁药而言,不良反应少。针刺可以通过神经-内分泌-免疫(NEI)网络进行整体调控,平衡各系统间睡眠因子,从而改善失眠症状[37]。张敏等[38]将60例乳腺癌失眠属心肾不交型患者随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组在对照组耳穴磁珠疗法的基础上联合雷火灸,结果显示观察组的PSQI各维度评分均优于对照组(P < 0.05),观察组总效率为93.33%。陆贺青等[39]通过临床研究证明,针刺心俞、肾俞、神门、太溪等穴位可有效缓解更年期失眠症状,联合耳针治疗则效果更佳。

3.2.2 穴位贴敷

陈梦鸽等[40]研究吴茱萸粉与热醋调和贴敷治疗乳腺癌术后失眠患者,观察组的治疗痊愈率和有效率分别为47.92%和93.75%,显著高于对照组艾司唑仑片疗法,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。因吴茱萸所含的多种吲哚类生物碱,能改善消化道的血液循环,调节“脑-肠轴”,故缓解了患者的失眠状况。房彩平等[41]将40例更年期失眠患者随机分为治疗组(交泰丸穴位贴敷组)和对照组(益肾清心汤口服组),结果显示治疗组和对照组总有效率分别为88.89%和73.33%(P < 0.05),从而证实了交泰丸贴敷涌泉穴对更年期失眠症状疗效显著。

3.3 其他疗法

除了针灸和穴位贴敷疗法,推拿、拔罐等疗法安全、经济,且不影响正常睡眠,在临床上取得了显著的疗效[42]。李琼瑶等[43]选取了199例乳腺癌围化疗期失眠患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组、引阳入阴推拿组、芳香疗法组、引阳入阴推拿联合芳香疗法组,结果表明推拿联合芳香组失眠治疗有效率最高,并能改善患者的生命质量。明露[44]将乳腺癌失眠患者随机分为对照组(安慰枕组)和观察组(中药枕组),干预4周后,观察组PSQI评分较对照组下降(P < 0.05),证明了中药药枕可通过熏吸途径缓解睡眠障碍。

4 结语

乳腺癌的生存率较高,改善乳腺癌患者的生活质量对于疾病预后尤其重要。中医博大精深,干预措施丰富,且疗效和安全性都较好,近年来已成为乳腺癌综合治疗的重要组成部分。现中医药干预乳腺癌内分泌治疗后失眠的手段,主要包含中药方剂疗法、针灸疗法、针药联合疗法、穴位贴敷疗法、推拿法及芳香疗法等,其中内服法奏效迅速,外治法方便经济,内外结合则获效更佳。然而,对本病发病机制的中医认识尚不够深入,临床研究的样本量少、观察范围小,治疗很难做到系统规范。因此扩大科研思维,发掘出完善的病因病机和辨证用药理论都是未来值得探索的方向。

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Clinical research progress of traditional Chinese medicine on insomnia after endocrine therapy for breast cancer
WANG Shiting1 , HAN Bing1 , LU Jiaxuan1 , HE Jiawen1 , JIN Zhichao2 , WANG Ruiping2     
1. First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China;
2. Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China
Abstract: Endocrine therapy is an important treatment for patients with estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor positive breast cancer, in which insomnia is one of the common adverse effects after treatment, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. This paper presents the research progress of Chinese medicine in the treatment of insomnia after endocrine therapy for breast cancer in recent years, aiming to provide theoretical basis and guidance for the clinical treatment of insomnia in breast cancer through a review. A review of recent research on insomnia after endocrine therapy for breast cancer in terms of Chinese medical names, etiology and treatment. The basic pathogenesis of insomnia after endocrine breast cancer is "kidney deficiency and toxicity". The common treatments of traditional Chinese medicine intervention include Chinese herbal prescription therapy, acupuncture therapy, combined acupuncture and medicine therapy, acupuncture point application therapy, massage and aromatherapy, etc. These treatments are safe, economical, and have significant efficacy both inside and outside. Chinese medicine uses multiple modalities to intervene in insomnia after endocrine therapy for breast cancer, which has the advantages of good efficacy, high compliance and few side effects.
Key words: breast cancer    endocrine therapy    insomnia    Chinese medicine treatment    research progress