天津中医药  2023, Vol. 40 Issue (8): 1003-1006

文章信息

李胜, 梁丽金, 袁卫玲.
LI Sheng, LIANG Lijin, YUAN Weiling.
春分气运承变与鼻鼽发病相关性探赜
Exploration on the correlation between the change of qi-circuit at the vernal equinox and the onset of allergic rhinitis
天津中医药, 2023, 40(8): 1003-1006
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 40(8): 1003-1006
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2023.08.10

文章历史

收稿日期: 2023-03-25
春分气运承变与鼻鼽发病相关性探赜
李胜 , 梁丽金 , 袁卫玲     
天津中医药大学中医学院, 天津 301617
摘要:鼻鼽是以鼻痒、喷嚏、流涕、鼻塞等为主要症状的鼻部疾病,发病具有春季易感性。春季为由寒始热之季,春分气运居阴阳相平之界,上承厥阴风木初之气,下启少阴君火二之气,此时寒气将尽,风气流行,湿气连亘,火气欲行,阴阳交争显著,易致气运变化反常。若春分气运交接失常,则人体肝肺气机升降失和,易感鼻鼽。基于春分之气运变化探讨此时鼻鼽发病特点,有利于充实中医“天人相应”理论的科学内涵,也为临床鼻鼽的季节性防治提供一定的思路。
关键词鼻鼽    春分    气交变化    天人相应    

《素问·宝命全形论》言:“人生于地,悬命于天,天地合气,命之曰人。”人体五脏气机之运转、气血津液之流行、经脉真气之周流皆秉天地阴阳气运之变而动。《素问·诊要经终论》云:“正月二月,天气始方,地气始发。”四时当中,春为阳气升发之季,阴气渐消,阳气渐长,寒、热、风、湿诸气顺天地阴阳而消长退进有节,则阴平阳秘而万物生升向荣。至春分,“阴阳相半”“昼夜均而寒暑平”(《春秋繁露·阴阳出入上下》),该时紧承初之气末,居二之气始,位于阴阳参半之交。“气交之分,人气从之,万物由之”(《素问·六微旨大论》),若阴阳进退失和,交互不接,则人体气机升降难避其害,病变应此而生。“春善病鼽衄”(《素问·金匮真言论》),鼻鼽具有春季易感性[1],缘起肺主一身之气,吐故纳新,承天地之清气,鼻者肺之官,主司气之交换,气运失常之时,娇脏首为邪害,宣降失职,鼻道气行不利,致鼻鼽妄作。肝应春,主少阳升发之气,升者不足抑或太过,皆折肝肺气机升降之衡,损鼻道宁息之本。本文基于春分气运变化之理,从“天人相应”角度探讨鼻鼽发病与论治,以期为临床防治提供一定的理论参考。

1 寒退暖复,木为承接

春属木,木由水而生,向火而化,故春为由冬转夏之过渡,系水火阴阳变动之季。《素问·脉要精微论》言:“是故冬至四十五日,阳气微上,阴气微下。”自冬至始,一阳初生,阳气由沉转升[2]。立春伊始,地气破土而上,天气下布而迎,两相交感,春日木气于此升发,气温趋升,日照渐增,然余寒未尽,亦见春寒料峭。迨到春分气至,阴阳相平,昼夜相等,恰是水火阴阳消长平衡的节点。《月令七十二候集解》言:“故春为阳中,而仲月之节为春分。正阴阳适中,故昼夜无长短云。”“春”者,言其源为水,终为火,阴消阳长也;“分”者,言其分而能聚,阴阳不相离也。仲春之节,气温快速回升,初之气厥阴风木末了,寒气迅消,二之气少阴君火恰至,热气渐升,阴消阳长,水火相交,春木之气正旺而展现一派和象,正所谓“至而至者和”(《素问·六微旨大论》)。

《素问·六节藏象论》言:“肝者……此为阳中之少阳,通于春气。”肝司疏泄,体阴而用阳,其气旺于春。春分时节,天地阴阳平衡,人体阴阳自和而气机调畅,究其本源,乃肝肺之气升降有序故也[3]。“肝生于左,肺藏于右”(《素问·刺禁论》),春日肝肺之气应阳长之势而升发,但升中有降,肝肺协调,左右升降持衡,则气之出入畅而无恙。鼻为呼吸出入之门户,肝肺应天地气运变化而和,鼻之呼吸顺畅,不致壅塞不通。肝主疏泄,肺主通调水道,肝肺相和则津液输布有常,不致聚于鼻而成涕[4]

2 气变难承,鼻鼽始生

《素问·六微旨大论》言:“应则顺,否则逆,逆则变生,变生则病。”气运变化反常,太过不及皆可成害,引起天地阴阳之气的剧烈变化,进而影响人体脏腑气机的正常运行。春分气处初之气与二之气交接,寒消热长,风盛湿氲,若气运交接失和,阴阳骤消骤长,则诸气太过皆成淫邪,伤及脏腑气机与津液输布。肺为娇脏,最易受邪,肝者应春,难逃其害。肝肺升降失常,鼻窍呼吸受累而见鼻塞、鼻痒、喷嚏;津液布散无序,留于鼻窍而成涕。

2.1 寒守不退,来气不及

《素问·气交变大论》云:“岁火不及,寒乃大行,长政不用,物荣而下,凝惨而甚,则阳气不化。”又云:“岁水太过,寒气流行,邪害心火。”岁水太过或岁火不及之年,冬日寒气冰冻天地,春日阳气渐升但难消余寒。春分时节,初之气厥阴风木已尽,但寒气不消,阴气独胜,二之气少阴君火则“至而不至”(《素问·六微旨大论》),仲春当暖不暖,余寒伺机侵袭,气温忽降,称之“倒春寒”。此刻阳气欲发难发,发而为寒所截,故此成害。《难经·四十九难》指出:“形寒饮冷则伤肺。”寒气流行,侵犯人体皮毛鼻窍,阻遏肺卫阳气,皮毛被寒邪郁闭,阳气无从宣泄,故越上而出为喷嚏。肺失宣降之职,上扰鼻窍,或清窍不通或喷气作嚏,故《诸病源候论·鼻病诸侯》云:“肺脏为风冷所乘,则鼻气不和,津液壅塞。”火气不至,风寒相裹,春木之气滞而难发,肝之清阳遏而不升,其疏泄之功失司,气机不畅,津液因此输布失常,又肝肺气机升降相依,故常累肺治节之功,在上则见鼻塞、流清涕,是故《中藏经·论肺脏虚实寒热生死顺逆脉证之法》云:“肺气通于鼻,和则能知香臭矣,有寒则善咳,实则鼻流清涕。”

2.2 火令早行,来气有余

《素问·五常政大论》言:“少阴司天,热气下临,肺气上从,白起金用,草木眚,喘呕寒热,嚏鼽衄鼻窒。”少阴司天之年,在春分气交变之际,寒气早早退去,二之气少阴君火“未至而至”(《素问·六微旨大论》),火热之气渐旺,春日木气独亢,同样易致鼻鼽。此时寒象难觅但热象遍见,气温浮升,草木过荣,木气妄动。人体阳气应天地气运变化而升发太过,升而无制,人体之气的运行也易逆而成害。春分本应阴阳相平,阳气由升转浮,合“木德周行,阳舒阴布”(《素问·五常政大论》)之运,但如今阴不能制阳,寒气尽消而火令早行,木之象空留其“直”而失其“曲”,肝气易升发过度而致肺气肃降不及,木旺侮金,肺之宣降难复其常。热气循经上犯鼻窍,鼻腔失于润养可见鼻燥、鼻痒。阳气骤浮,木气升发无度,春日主气风胜成淫,肝应之而疏泄太过,肝阳用事,进而引动内风[5]。内外风热相引相挟,在外则袭皮毛腠理及头面口鼻,使华盖宣降无序,气机难以正常升降,上冲于鼻则呼吸失畅、喷嚏连作;在内则肝经风热袭肺,遗热于经,使相傅之官失其治节,在上则见鼻痒流涕、鼻道肿胀壅塞[6]

2.3 寒热交通,怒争成风

《淮南子·天文训》云:“距日冬至四十五日,条风至;条风至四十五日,明庶风至。”风为春之主气,按照节气气候,春分之风曰明庶风,应是阴阳相得,消长有序所化柔和宣平之风。设若阴阳剧烈变动,气温骤升骤降,寒热不均进而相互交通,风也由此产生,恰如《物理论》云:“风者,阴阳乱气激发而起者也。”

“岁木太过,风气流行……云物飞动,草木不宁。”(《素问·气交变大论》)春分之气,分阴别阳,紧承初之气厥阴风木,且居仲春,若所处之年岁木太过,则阴阳二气于此时节剧烈交争,消长无序,忽冷忽热,将致风气亢盛,猖獗袭人。风性善动不居,轻扬开泄。“伤于风者,上先受之”(《素问·太阴阳明论》),肺居上焦,自然难避风邪侵袭,犹华盖因风飘摇。鼻为肺之官,居头面中央,风邪上犯,鼻或直接受邪,或邪气循肺经上犯而间接遭害[7]。风邪游走不定而致鼻痒时作,开泄腠理故津液外泄而鼻窍流涕。风邪又为百病之长,易兼夹他邪,合而致病。惊蛰交春分,阴气微胜,春分交清明,阳气微胜。值此气交之际,阴阳进退交争剧烈,故风邪多兼寒或兼热伤人致病。肺主一身之表,为脏腑外卫,风气鼓荡寒热之邪合至,肺首先受邪。风寒、风热袭肺,致肺失其清肃之令,肺气宣降不利故其门户闭塞、水道失调,临床即见鼻塞、流涕等症。

2.4 雨水连绵,湿气浸淫

立春之后,阳气破土,冰冻消融。适雨水、惊蛰,春雷启迪生灵,天阳下布,雨水润土而始生发万物。至春分,其乃阴阳之和,气温回升,春日木气正旺,此时水蒸成湿。诣清明、谷雨,降水持续,木气渐衰,春日升发之气欲被夏日藩秀长养之气承接,此时水流湿聚。春分前后,寒气渐消而火热之气渐旺,阴气渐敛而阳气渐长,在“地气上为云,天气下为雨”(《素问·阴阳应象大论》)的阴阳交感中,雨水延绵而湿气氤氲浸淫。而春分作为分阴别阳的气运斡旋之枢,湿邪也易在此气成患。

湿为阴邪,首犯太阳藩篱,伤及肺卫阳气。肺卫不固,肺之宣降失常,再合湿性黏滞而阻塞津、气运行,则症见鼻塞、流涕[8]。湿气淫盛,春日肝木升发受困,清阳当升难升,疏泄无权,湿阴凝而成害,肝肺升降滞塞,通体之一气难以周流,是故鼻窍通气不利。脾属土而主运化,土润方得以化万物,得木疏泄始能运养。但湿气过盛成淫,损伤脾阳,困遏气机,土不得疏反被湿滞,有害脾之运化。湿邪易困脾阳,影响中焦气机运转,生痰与内湿,滞阻水气之道,故肺之通调水道受阻,宣降失职,水之上源不清,气道又有湿浊难以肃清,造成气机升降障碍,鼻道不通,呼吸出入难畅。

3 审气之变,辨鼽之治 3.1 至而不至,承气之升

初之气厥阴风木余寒未尽,二之气少阴君火姗姗来迟,至而不至,春分未暖反寒,春木升发无力,不能发陈出新,人体应气运之变而阳气难以升发,脏腑阴阳不相平衡,失“分”之意。值此气运变化所发鼻鼽,卫外不固致汗出恶风、鼻塞流涕,当谨“寒者热之”的治则,可予麻黄细辛附子汤加减治疗[9]。方中麻黄辛温发散,助肺气之宣发,令玄府即开、鼻窍即通;附子大辛大热,补养少火之不足,助阳则能化气,化气则能通窍;细辛辛温,通彻表里,既助麻黄发汗解表,又协附子内散阴寒。麻黄、细辛相配可引少阴之水外合太阳,佐地气上腾交合于天,人体之气故而能升。再入辛夷、苍耳子、紫苏叶、桔梗之类温肺宣寒通窍;黄芪、党参之辈固其肺卫。同时宜顾护春日肝阳之升发,佐以桂枝、麦芽之品启阳气之幼发[10],育阳气之由升而浮。

3.2 未至而至,敛阳之亢

仲春寒气早消而火气突临,二之气少阴君火未至而至,火令早行,木气未经蓄满便匆匆升发,春分失其敷和政令,阳气升而无节,万物起急而生,失其所藏。人体应气运之变,未待脏腑阴精盈盛,阳气便早早升发,则有阴不制阳之弊。故此时春分气交之际所发鼻鼽,可见肺经风热所致的鼻塞、黄浊涕,又或伴见头昏眩冒、躁动不安等肝阳无制的表现。遵“热者寒之”的治则,以辛夷清肺汤达清肺宣窍之效[11]。是汤以黄芩清泄热气,以消肺火;栀子清心包之火以泻肝火;石膏、知母既能助君药清泄,又能育阴制阳;麦冬、百合滋阴固本,补敛藏封存之不足,弥木旺妄升之耗散;再合辛夷、苍耳子宣肺通鼻窍,并以升麻升浮药气至肺,以甘草调和诸药。同时于证治之中当制阳之升发,宜辅用天麻、石决明、菊花之品平肝敛阳,纠阳气骤浮之偏。

3.3 交争不协,平风之乱

春分气运变化异常,天地阴阳于春分气交之际,当平不平,寒热交争,在外则“阴阳怒而为风”(《春秋元命苞》);人体阴阳应气运之变不相和反相争,同样“冷热交通,流于五脏”而成体内“风起之由”(《诸病源候论·风病诸候下》)。值此气运所生鼻鼽常见鼻痒时作,当消风顺气,调阴和阳,宜消风散[12]合桂枝汤加减。前方荆芥、防风、牛蒡子、蝉蜕疏风解表,使风从外消;石膏、知母清热养阴,生地黄、当归滋阴养血,令燥风自灭,是为从因而治。后方桂芍、姜枣和调阴阳,并以甘草固守中焦阴阳转换之枢,使阴阳进退复其秩序,令水火交争归其祥和,是为由本而医。

3.4 春雨霏霏,蠲湿之害

春分之气,斡旋由冬藏渐至夏长,若此节气前后春雨霏霏,湿气成患,天地气运斡旋之机受阻,人体应之则气之升降、周流不畅。春分值此气运所生鼻鼽,多呼吸不畅、涕液黏浊。法当蠲湿畅中,除湿滞之扰,复气机由升转浮,方可香砂六君子汤加辛夷、白芷、枳实、升麻、葛根等予以治疗。细辛、辛夷、白芷宣通鼻窍,以治其标;而方中木香、砂仁燥湿畅中,白术、茯苓利湿健脾,人参、甘草培补中州,功可蠲湿健中治其本。同时,方中茯苓、枳实降泄浊气,升麻、葛根升脾之清阳,升降并调而绝湿滞中焦之害。

3.5 谨调寒热,复气之和

天地阴阳本“上下有位,左右有纪”(《素问·六微旨大论》),但若春分气运异变,应天地气运变化,人体内阴阳消长本标失位,未能平衡,进而产生内风、内湿、内寒、内火等病象。故值春分,鼻鼽妄作,其嚏声如雷,喷气若风,皆秉春象,宜守春分之本义,调整阴阳,以和为期,以天地气运为参,因证施治。如肝肾阴亏于下,肝阳亢于上所成鼻鼽,则成寒热对立、阴阳失衡之弊,当潜肝阳、滋肝肾,以复其和,宜六味地黄丸加白芍、牡蛎;再如胃火亢盛,饮食寒凉,“从肺脉上至于肺则肺寒”(《素问·咳论》)所致鼻鼽,则又有水火对立之虞,当温运脾阳,益胃养阴[13],助阴阳归其和合,宜理中汤合益胃汤加减。

4 小结

天地阴阳消长,阳气升降浮沉,四季生长收藏,六气周而复始,节气循环有常,人气应之而能升降出入。春分时处阴阳交媾审平之际,厥阴风木之气已尽,少阴君火之气始起,寒气退,热气升,风湿流行,是阴阳消长之枢。但天地之气异变,初之气与二之气难以顺接,或寒当退不退,或火热急至,或风气亢盛为害,或湿邪聚而成灾,皆折阴阳平衡,皆扰气机升降出入,鼻鼽在此时节也易妄作。

《素问·六微旨大论》曰:“言天者求之本,言地者求之位,言人者求之气交。”人以阴阳交感为旨,天地气运变化为纲,审视阴阳,辨明升降浮沉,在春分节气,守春分之义,调脏腑阴阳平衡,平上下内外之寒热,则可在“天人相应”理论的指导下分析鼻鼽成因、阐述鼻鼽病机、探寻鼻鼽治法。

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Exploration on the correlation between the change of qi-circuit at the vernal equinox and the onset of allergic rhinitis
LI Sheng , LIANG Lijin , YUAN Weiling     
Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Abstract: Allergic rhinitis is a nasal disease with nasal itching, sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion and other main symptoms, and its onset has spring susceptibility. Spring begins from cold to hot, and spring equinox occupies the boundary of yin and yang. It inherits the qi of Jueyinfengmu, and activates the qi of Shaoyinjunhuo, at this time the coldness will diminish, the wind is popular, the dampness is continuous, the fire is about to go, the yin and yang competition is significant, which is easy to cause abnormal changes in qi movement. If the handover of qi at the spring equinox is abnormal, the rise and fall of yin and yang in the liver and lungs are out of harmony and susceptible to allergic rhinitis. This paper discusses the pathogenesis characteristics of allergic rhinitis at this time based on the change of qi-circuit of the spring equinox, which is conducive to enriching the scientific connotation of the theory of "heaven and man correspond" in traditional Chinese medicine, and also provides certain ideas for the seasonal prevention and treatment of clinical allergic rhinitis.
Key words: allergic rhinitis    spring equinox    qi-circuit changes    heaven and man correspond