天津中医药  2025, Vol. 42 Issue (9): 1184-1191

文章信息

郑雅蔓, 张靖宇, 陈波, 等.
ZHENG Yaman, ZHANG Jingyu, CHEN Bo, et al.
基于线粒体转移探讨电针调控脓毒症小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞极化的作用研究
Investigation on the effect of electroacupuncture on pulmonary alveolar macrophage polarization in sepsis mice based on mitochondrial transfer
天津中医药, 2025, 42(9): 1184-1191
Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2025, 42(9): 1184-1191
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1672-1519.2025.09.14

文章历史

收稿日期: 2025-05-10
基于线粒体转移探讨电针调控脓毒症小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞极化的作用研究
郑雅蔓1 , 张靖宇1 , 陈波1,2 , 李柠岑1 , 廉金玉1 , 李昌奇1 , 李昕洋1 , 马佳妮3 , 王婧文1 , 匡小冰3     
1. 天津中医药大学针灸推拿学院,天津 301617;
2. 国家中医针灸临床医学研究中心,天津 300381;
3. 天津中医药大学医学技术学院,天津 301617
摘要:[目的] 重点聚焦于骨髓细胞外囊泡(EVs)介导线粒体转移,探究电针是否通过小鼠胫骨骨髓EVs介导的线粒体转移来改善脓毒症小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体功能,调节肺泡巨噬细胞极化。[方法] 1)将55只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和模型+电针1 d 0.5 mA组、模型+电针1 d 1.5 mA组、模型+电针1 d 2.5 mA组、模型+电针3 d 0.5 mA组、模型+电针3 d 1.5 mA组、模型+电针3 d 2.5 mA组、模型+电针7 d 0.5 mA组、模型+电针7 d 1.5 mA组、模型+电针7 d 2.5 mA组,每组5只,空白组腹腔注射磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS),模型组腹腔注射脂多糖造模,电针组在造模前对双侧足三里进行电针预处理。造模后24 h,采用流式细胞术检测小鼠肺脏的线粒体膜电位和活性氧。2)将15只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和电针组,每组5只,空白组腹腔注射PBS溶液,模型组腹腔注射脂多糖造模,电针组在造模前进行电针预处理(双侧足三里,3 d,连续波,10 Hz,1.5 mA)。造模后24 h,采用流式细胞术检测肺泡巨噬细胞的M2、M1的数量、线粒体膜电位和活性氧。3)使用EXODUS全自动外泌体提取系统提取未针刺正常小鼠骨髓EVs(NC-EVs)和电针3 d正常小鼠骨髓EVs(ACU-EVs),并用线粒体红色荧光染料标记。选取15只C57BL/6J雄性健康小鼠为研究对象,随机分为空白组、NC-EVs组和ACU-EVs组,每组5只。空白组尾静脉回输PBS溶液作为对照,NC-EVs组回输NC-EVs,ACU-EVs组回输ACU-EVs,回输剂量均为200 μL,EVs浓度均为50 μg/200 μL。回输30 min后,空白组、模型+NC-EVs组和模型+ACU-EVs组进行造模。造模后8 h用小动物活体成像仪观测肺脏的荧光富集情况;采用HIS-SIM超分辨显微镜观察骨髓EVs中是否含有线粒体或线粒体片段;将ACU-EVs与小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞系(MH-S)共培养,观察细胞摄取情况。[结果] 1)与空白组相比,模型组小鼠肺脏的线粒体膜电位显著降低(P<0.01),活性氧显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组相比,电针1 d 2.5 mA组、3 d 1.5 mA组和7 d 0.5 mA组的小鼠肺脏线粒体膜电位显著升高(P<0.05),电针1 d 0.5 mA组、1 d 2.5 mA组、3 d 1.5 mA组、3 d 2.5 mA组、7 d 0.5 mA组和7 d 2.5 mA组活性氧显著降低(P<0.05),肺脏线粒体功能得到恢复,因此后续实验选择电针参数为3 d 1.5 mA。2)与空白组相比,模型组肺泡巨噬细胞M2/M1的比例显著降低(P<0.01),线粒体膜电位显著降低(P<0.01),活性氧显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组相比,电针组肺泡巨噬细胞M2/M1的比例显著升高(P<0.05),线粒体的膜电位明显升高(P<0.01),活性氧明显降低(P<0.01)。3)HIS-SIM超分辨显微镜下观察到ACU-EVs中存在线粒体或线粒体片段;与回输NC-EVs组相比,回输ACU-EVs组小鼠肺脏荧光强度显著升高(P<0.05);激光共聚焦显微镜下观察到ACU-EVs被MH-S细胞所摄取。[结论] 电针可以改善脓毒症小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞线粒体功能,调节肺泡巨噬细胞极化,其作用机制可能与电针驱动骨髓EVs介导线粒体转移有关。
关键词电针    脓毒症    细胞外囊泡    线粒体转移    巨噬细胞极化    

针刺作为极具特色的中医疗法之一,具有疏通经络、调和阴阳、扶正祛邪的作用,目前已在世界近200个国家和地区广泛使用,其优势在于效应快捷、作用安全以及适应症广。现代研究[1-3]显示针刺可抑制脓毒症炎症反应,具有肺脏保护作用,但其作用机制尚缺乏深入研究。团队前期研究[4-5]已经初步证实细胞外囊泡(EVs)是针刺起效的关键因素,电针可通过外囊泡miR-146a/TLR4调节巨噬细胞极化从而抑制炎症反应。有研究[6]发现电针防治脓毒症肺损伤的作用机制可能与调节线粒体功能有关,但电针对线粒体功能的调节是以何种方式作用至肺脏仍不清楚。因此本研究重点关注这一环节,探讨电针是否通过骨髓EVs介导的线粒体转移来调节脓毒症小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞极化以保护肺脏。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验动物及分组

选用SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,8周龄,体质量为20~22 g,购于北京维通利华实验动物公司,动物使用许可证号:SYXK(津)2020-0005。实验期间饲养条件保持恒温22~25 ℃、恒湿40%~50%,12 h/12 h明暗光照循环,分笼饲养,自由进食饮水。在标准环境内适应性饲养1周后进行实验,根据实验需求随机选取小鼠进行分组。本研究获得了天津中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(伦理审批号:TCM-LAEC2024013q6659)。

1.2 主要仪器和试剂

华佗牌SDZ-V型电子针疗仪(上海寰熙医疗器械),一次性针灸针(苏州乐灸医疗用品,规格:0.25 mm×13 mm),Attune NxT声波聚焦流式细胞仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司),EXODUS全自动外泌体提取系统(深圳汇芯生物医疗科技有限公司),HIS-SIM超分辨显微镜(广州超视计生物科技有限公司),Leica STELLARIS 8激光共聚焦显微镜(徕卡显微系统公司),柯达多模态小动物活体成像仪(东胜创新生物科技有限公司)。

脂多糖(美国Sigma公司),CD64、CD11c、SiglecF、MHCⅡ(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司),CD206(安诺伦北京生物科技有限公司),线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(北仁化学科技北京有限公司),MitoSOX Red线粒体超氧化物检测染料(美国MedChemexpress生物科技公司),PKMITO线粒体荧光染料(南京浦海景珊生物技术有限公司),MH-S小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞系(武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司),外泌体绿色荧光标记染料PKH67(上海宇玫博生物科技有限公司),488标记鬼笔环肽(北京酷来搏科技有限公司),DAPI染色试剂即用型(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)。

1.3 造模方法

采用腹腔注射脂多糖(24 mg/kg,Sigma,L2630)构建脓毒症模型[7],注射剂量为0.1 mL/10 g,注射前需用碘伏消毒注射部位,注射后用棉球按压针孔片刻,防止药物溢出。参照脓毒症病理损伤评分(MSS评分),小鼠出现发抖、战栗、毛发竖立、活动度降低、对外界刺激反应迟钝、明显眼周分泌物、稀样粪便等表现提示造模成功。

1.4 干预方法

参照《实验针灸学》[8]取小鼠双侧足三里穴:小鼠后肢膝关节外下方腓骨小头下约5 mm处的肌沟中。为保证针刺参数的一致性,避免手针操作差异,本实验采用电针治疗[9]。选用30号1寸毫针(直径0.32 mm,长度25 mm),直刺入小鼠足三里穴,深度约3~5 mm,通过华佗牌SDZ-V型电针治疗仪给予连续波,10 Hz,电流1.5 mA,共刺激15 min,针刺预处理3 d后再进行脓毒症小鼠造模处理。

1.5 观察指标及检测方法

取材:造模后24 h取材,每组小鼠取肺脏,剪碎、消化制备成单细胞悬液,用于检测肺泡巨噬细胞中M2/M1比例、线粒体膜电位和线粒体活性氧。每组小鼠取胫骨,剪开胫骨两头,用1 mL注射器冲出骨髓腔中的内容物,再用EXODUS全自动外泌体提取系统提取小鼠胫骨骨髓中的外囊泡,一部分用于观察小鼠胫骨骨髓EVs中线粒体或线粒体片段的存在;一部分用于尾静脉回输,检测运载有线粒体的外囊泡在小鼠肺脏的荧光富集情况;一部分用于和MH-S小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞共培养观察摄取情况。

采用流式细胞术检测小鼠肺脏线粒体膜电位和活性氧:选取55只C57BL/6J雄性健康小鼠为研究对象,随机分为对照组、模型组和模型+电针1 d 0.5 mA组、模型+电针1 d 1.5 mA组、模型+电针1 d 2.5 mA组、模型+电针3 d 0.5 mA组、模型+电针3 d 1.5 mA组、模型+电针3 d 2.5 mA组、模型+电针7 d 0.5 mA组、模型+电针7 d 1.5 mA组、模型+电针7 d 2.5 mA组,每组5只。造模后24 h后取小鼠肺脏,对肺脏进行剪碎、消化和裂红处理后制备成单细胞悬液。各取100 μL分别用MT-1线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒和MitoSOX Red线粒体超氧化物检测试剂盒进行染色,用流式细胞仪检测小鼠肺脏的线粒体膜电位和活性氧。

采用流式细胞术检测小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中M2/M1的数量,线粒体膜电位和活性氧:选取15只C57BL/6J雄性健康小鼠为研究对象,随机分为对照组、模型组和电针组,每组5只。造模后24 h后取小鼠肺脏,对肺脏进行剪碎、消化和裂红处理后制备成单细胞悬液。取100 μL加入流式抗体CD64、CD11c、SiglecF、M1标志物MHCⅡ和M2标志物CD206,于4 ℃条件下避光孵育30 min,检测肺泡巨噬细胞中M1型巨噬细胞和M2型巨噬细胞的数量。另取200 μL加入流式抗体CD11c于4 ℃条件下避光孵育30 min用于标记肺脏单细胞悬液中的肺泡巨噬细胞,再各取其中100 μL分别用MT-1线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒和MitoSOX Red线粒体超氧化物检测试剂盒进行染色,用流式细胞仪检测肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体膜电位和活性氧。

采用小动物活体成像仪观测尾静脉回输带有线粒体荧光标记的小鼠胫骨骨髓EVs在小鼠肺脏的荧光富集情况:使用EXODUS全自动外泌体提取系统提取正常小鼠骨髓EVs(NC-EVs)和电针3 d正常小鼠骨髓EVs(ACU-EVs),用线粒体红色荧光染料标记。选取15只C57BL/6J雄性健康小鼠为研究对象,随机分为空白组、NC-EVs组和ACU-EVs组,每组5只。空白组尾静脉回输PBS溶液作为对照,NC-EVs组回输NC-EVs,ACU-EVs组回输ACU-EVs,回输剂量均为200 μL,EVs浓度均为50 μg/200 μL。空白组、NC-EVs组和ACU-EVs组在回输后30 min进行造模处理。造模8 h后解剖,取小鼠肺脏,用小动物活体成像仪观测肺脏的荧光富集情况。

采用HIS-SIM超分辨显微镜观察小鼠胫骨骨髓EVs中的线粒体存在情况:使用PKH67外泌体绿色荧光染料和PKMITO线粒体红色荧光染料分别标记ACU-EVs和ACU-EVs中的线粒体,超分辨显微镜观察ACU-EVs中是否存在有线粒体或线粒体片段。

采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察MH-S细胞对ACU-EVs的摄取情况:选取MH-S小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞作为研究对象,用488标记鬼笔环肽染MH-S细胞的细胞骨架,用即用型DAPI染色试剂标记MH-S细胞的细胞核,用PKMITO线粒体红色荧光染料标记ACU-EVs中的线粒体,将标记的MH-S细胞和ACU-EVs共培养2 h,使用激光共聚焦显微镜观察两者的摄取情况。

1.6 统计学方法

实验数据通过SPSS 27.0统计软件进行分析,使用均数±标准差(x ± s)表示。对各组数据进行正态性检验,若符合正态分布且方差齐,各组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),如果满足方差齐性检验,采取最小品著性差异法(LSD)检验;如果不满足,采取Tamhamne’s T2或Dunnett’s T3检验。若不符合正态分布则采用非参数检验,使用克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验(Kruskal-Wallis检验),若有差异则使用两样本秩和检验(Wilcoxon Mann Whitney检验)。P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义(双侧)。

2 结果 2.1 不同电针参数预处理后各组小鼠肺脏线粒体功能的比较

与空白组相比,模型组小鼠肺脏的线粒体膜电位显著降低(P<0.01),活性氧显著升高(P<0.01),提示脓毒症小鼠的肺脏线粒体功能被破坏;与模型组相比,电针1 d 2.5 mA组、3 d 1.5 mA组和7 d 0.5 mA组的小鼠肺脏线粒体膜电位显著升高(P<0.05),电针1 d 0.5 mA组、1 d 2.5 mA组、3 d 1.5 mA组、3 d 2.5 mA组、7 d 0.5 mA组和7 d 2.5 mA组活性氧显著降低(P<0.05),提示脓毒症小鼠的肺脏线粒体功能得到恢复。见图 1。结合团队前期研究不同电针参数对骨髓EVs数量的影响,确定后续实验选择电针参数为3 d 1.5 mA。

注:与空白组相比,**P<0.01;与模型组相比,#P<0.05,##P<0.01。 图 1 不同电针参数预处理后各组小鼠肺脏线粒体功能的比较(x ± sn=5) Fig. 1 Comparison of pulmonary mitochondrial function in different groups of mice after pretreatment with different electroacupuncture parameters(x ± s, n=5)
2.2 电针后各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞线粒体功能的比较

与空白组相比,模型组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体膜电位显著降低(P<0.01),活性氧显著升高(P<0.01),提示线粒体功能被破坏;与模型组相比,电针组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体膜电位显著升高(P<0.01),活性氧显著降低(P<0.01),提示线粒体功能得到恢复。见图 2

注:与空白组相比,**P<0.01;与模型组相比,##P<0.01。 图 2 电针后各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞线粒体功能的比较(x ± sn=5) Fig. 2 Comparison of mitochondrial function of alveolar macrophages in each group of mice after electroacupuncture(x ± s, n=5)
2.3 电针后各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞极化情况的比较

与空白组相比,模型组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中M1型巨噬细胞的比例上升(P<0.05),M2型巨噬细胞的比例下降(P<0.01),M2/M1的比例显著降低(P<0.01);与模型组相比,电针组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞中M1型巨噬细胞的比例有下降趋势,M2型巨噬细胞的比例上升(P<0.05),M2/M1的比例显著升高(P<0.05)。提示电针可调节脓毒症小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞极化。见图 3

注:与空白组相比,*P<0.05,**P<0.01;与模型组相比,#P<0.05。 图 3 电针后各组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞极化情况的比较(x ± sn=5) Fig. 3 Comparison of pulmonary alveolar macrophage polarization in each group after electroacupuncture (x ± s, n=5)
2.4 ACU-EVs与NC-EVs转移线粒体至肺脏的荧光强度比较

尾静脉回输骨髓EVs后8 h进行解剖,取出各组小鼠肺脏进行观测。与空白组相比,NC-EVs组的荧光强度有上升趋势;与NC-EVs组相比,ACU-EVs组的荧光强度显著升高(P<0.05)。说明ACU-EVs可以转移更多的线粒体到肺脏。见图 4

注:与模型组相比,*P<0.05。 图 4 骨髓EVs转移线粒体至肺脏后各组小鼠体内荧光强度的比较(x ± s Fig. 4 Comparison of fluorescence intensity in each group of mice after mitochondrial transfer from bone marrow EVs to lung(x ± s)
2.5 ACU-EVs转移线粒体至MH-S细胞的观察

在HIS-SIM超分辨显微镜下观察到,小鼠胫骨骨髓来源外囊泡和线粒体有共定位,说明小鼠胫骨骨髓EVs可运载线粒体或线粒体片段。见图 5

注:小鼠胫骨骨髓来源外囊泡(绿色),线粒体(红色),标尺=5 μm,100倍镜。 图 5 小鼠胫骨骨髓来源外囊泡中存在线粒体或线粒体片段 Fig. 5 Mitochondria or mitochondrial fragments were present in external vesicles derived from bone marrow of mouse tibia

MH-S细胞和带有线粒体红色荧光信号的ACU-EVs共培养2 h后,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察到MH-S细胞内有红色荧光信号,说明ACU-EVs可以介导线粒体转移至肺泡巨噬细胞。见图 6

注:白色箭头示内有红色荧光信号的MH-S细胞,标尺=50 μm,40倍镜。 图 6 ACU-EVs介导线粒体转移至肺泡巨噬细胞(MH-S) Fig. 6 ACU-EVs mediated mitochondrial transfer to alveolar macrophages(MH-S)
3 讨论

脓毒症严重威胁人类生命健康,过度炎症反应引发多器官功能障碍,其中肺脏是最先累及且损伤最为严重的脏器之一[10-12]。脓毒症肺损伤在临床上多以支持治疗为主,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)尚未批准治疗脓毒症的特效药物,目前仍缺乏特异性治疗方法[13-14]

线粒体功能障碍是脓毒症肺损伤病理过程中的关键一环。线粒体参与细胞供能、调节细胞代谢等多种细胞过程,其损伤与脓毒症的发病机制有关[15]。脓毒症诱导的线粒体功能障碍可导致细胞代谢紊乱、产能不足和氧化应激,从而引起细胞凋亡,最终导致多器官衰竭,甚至死亡[16]。有研究[17]显示,在脓毒症早期,过量的活性氧会抑制线粒体呼吸,直接破坏线粒体蛋白和脂质膜等结构。Lowes等[18]也发现活性氧增加会导致线粒体膜电位降低,影响线粒体的正常功能。这与本研究结果一致,模型组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的膜电位降低、活性氧升高,其线粒体功能遭到了破坏,而经过电针预处理后,电针组小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞的膜电位升高、活性氧降低,说明电针起到了恢复脓毒症小鼠肺脏中肺泡巨噬细胞线粒体功能的作用。

电针对线粒体功能的调节可能是通过激活线粒体自噬、上调抗氧化酶活性和调控线粒体融合-分裂等实现的。电针预处理可能通过激活雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(mTORC1)-ULK1-FUNDC1通路,促进受损线粒体的清除,减少线粒体DNA(mtDNA)泄漏和活性氧(ROS)积累,上调自噬相关蛋白(如LC3-Ⅱ)的表达[19-20]。此外,电针还可能通过上调线粒体融合蛋白[如超表达线粒体融合蛋白2基因(MFN2))和抑制分裂蛋白[如动力蛋白相关蛋白1(DRP1)],维持线粒体网络结构的完整,从而优化肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体功能[21-24]

国内外研究表明,线粒体代谢重编程是调控巨噬细胞极化表型的关键机制,其中M1型极化依赖于糖酵解供能,而M2型极化则通过脂肪酸氧化和氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)维持长期能量需求[25-26]。在慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、肺纤维化等慢性肺部疾病中,肺泡巨噬细胞线粒体功能异常表现为呼吸链活性下降、活性氧(ROS)过量生成以及三羧酸(TCA)循环紊乱,这种代谢失衡会直接干扰极化相关信号通路[27-28]。Jiang等[26]发现线粒体膜电位降低和电子传递链功能障碍会激活NF-κB/STAT1通路,促进M1型极化并释放白细胞介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等促炎因子,加剧肺部炎症。这些研究共同揭示了线粒体不仅是能量代谢的核心,更是巨噬细胞极化表型转换的调控枢纽,其功能障碍会影响脓毒症病理进程,为靶向线粒体通路的新型疗法提供了理论依据。本研究结果显示,脓毒症小鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞更多向M1促炎型极化,而经过电针预处理的脓毒症小鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞则更多向M2抗炎型极化,说明电针预处理可能是通过改善线粒体功能来调节肺泡巨噬细胞极化。

线粒体转移是指源于间充质干细胞的功能性线粒体可通过隧道纳米管形成、间隙连接、微囊泡、细胞融合和分离等几种不同模式转移到线粒体功能障碍的细胞中,恢复其有氧呼吸功能而发挥治疗作用[29],其中只有微囊泡可以实现远距离的线粒体转移,并可以通过整合素等实现靶向传输。团队前期研究[30-31]也发现,EVs作为“内源性针刺网络药”,运载有大量与针效相关的活性物质。因此,探究EVs能否介导线粒体转移至脓毒症小鼠受损的肺脏是研究的重点。本研究结果显示,运载有线粒体的ACU-EVs在脓毒症小鼠肺脏有特异性富集的现象,且EVs中的线粒体可以被小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(MH-S)所摄取,进而调控肺泡巨噬细胞极化。

电针预处理可能通过转移健康线粒体至脓毒症小鼠肺脏中受损的肺泡巨噬细胞,帮助其线粒体代谢重编程、抑制氧化应激等多重机制,改善肺泡巨噬细胞的线粒体功能,从而调控受损的肺泡巨噬细胞向M2抗炎型极化[32-33]

综上所述,电针可以通过骨髓EVs转移线粒体至脓毒症小鼠肺脏,改善肺泡巨噬细胞线粒体功能,调节肺泡巨噬细胞极化,进而发挥保护肺脏的作用。

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Investigation on the effect of electroacupuncture on pulmonary alveolar macrophage polarization in sepsis mice based on mitochondrial transfer
ZHENG Yaman1 , ZHANG Jingyu1 , CHEN Bo1,2 , LI Ningceng1 , LIAN Jinyu1 , LI Changqi1 , LI Xinyang1 , MA Jiani3 , WANG Jingwen1 , KUANG Xiaobing3     
1. School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
2. National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China;
3. School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Abstract: [Objective] This study focused on the process of mitochondrial transfer mediated by bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles(EVs), aiming to investigate whether electroacupuncture(EA) treatment improves mitochondrial function in alveolar macrophages of septic mice and modulates their polarization through EV-mediated mitochondrial transfer from tibial bone marrow cells. The experimental models and multi-omics data were collected to validate this regulatory mechanism and elucidate the potential therapeutic pathway for sepsis. [Methods] 1) A total of 55 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to 11 groups(n=5 per group): a blank control group, a model group, and nine experimental groups that received electroacupuncture at different durations and intensities. The experimental groups included: model + electroacupuncture for 1 day at 0.5 mA, 1.5 mA, and 2.5 mA; model + electroacupuncture for 3 days at 0.5 mA, 1.5 mA, and 2.5 mA; and model + electroacupuncture for 7 days at 0.5 mA, 1.5 mA, and 2.5 mA. Mice in the blank control group were intraperitoneally injected with PBS solution, while those in the model group were intraperitoneally injected with LPS to induce the model. Prior to LPS injection, bilateral Zusanli acupoints were pre-treated with electroacupuncture according to the respective group conditions. Mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species levels were assessed by flow cytometry 24 hours post-modeling. 2)The 15 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to three groups(n=5 per group): control, sepsis model, and EA pre-treatment. The control group received intraperitoneal injections of phosphate-buffered saline(PBS), while the sepsis model group was injected with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) to induce sepsis. The EA pre-treatment group underwent electroacupuncture at bilateral Zusanli acupoints(3 days, continuous wave, 10 Hz, 1.5 mA) prior to LPS injection. After 24 hours post-LPS administration, flow cytometry was employed to assess the M2/M1 ratio of alveolar macrophages, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species(ROS) levels. 3)Extracellular vesicles(EVs) were isolated from the bone marrow of non-acupuncture-treated normal mice(NC-EVs) and normal mice subjected to 3 days of acupuncture treatment(Acupuncture-derived EVs, ACU-EVs) using the EXODUS automated exosome extraction system. The EVs were labeled with a mitochondrial red fluorescent dye. A total of 15 healthy male C57BL/6J mice were selected as experimental subjects and randomly divided into three groups: a control group, an NC-EVs group, and an ACU-EVs group, with five mice in each group. In the control group, phosphate-buffered saline(PBS) solution was intravenously administered via the tail vein as a control. The NC-EVs group received NC-EVs, and the ACU-EVs group received ACU-EVs, with a dosage of 200 μL per injection and an EV concentration of 50 μg/200 μL. Thirty minutes after administration, all groups underwent modeling. Eight hours after modeling, fluorescence accumulation in the lungs was observed using a small animal in vivo imaging system. Subsequently, the presence of mitochondria or mitochondrial fragments within the bone marrow-derived EVs was examined using HIS-SIM super-resolution microscopy. Additionally, ACU-EVs were co-cultured with mouse alveolar macrophage cells(MH-S) to observe cellular uptake. [Results] 1) Compared with the control group, the mitochondrial membrane potential in the lungs of the model group was significantly reduced(P < 0.01), and reactive oxygen species(ROS) levels were markedly elevated(P < 0.01). These findings indicate impaired mitochondrial function in the lungs. In comparison to the model group, the mitochondrial membrane potential in the lungs of mice subjected to electroacupuncture at 2.5 mA for 1 day, 1.5 mA for 3 days, and 0.5 mA for 7 days showed significant increases(P < 0.05). Additionally, ROS levels were significantly decreased by electroacupuncture in groups treated with 0.5 mA for 1 day, 2.5 mA for 1 day, 1.5 mA for 3 days, 2.5 mA for 3 days, 0.5 mA for 7 days, and 2.5 mA for 7 days(P < 0.05). These results suggest that electroacupuncture restored lung mitochondrial function. Based on these findings, the optimal electroacupuncture parameter for subsequent experiments was determined to be 1.5 mA for 3 days. 2)Compared to the control group, the sepsis model group exhibited a significant decrease in the M2/M1 ratio of alveolar macrophages(P < 0.01), reduced mitochondrial membrane potential(P < 0.01), and elevated ROS levels(P < 0.01). Conversely, the EA pre-treatment group showed a significant increase in the M2/M1 ratio(P < 0.05), enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential(P < 0.01), and decreased ROS levels(P < 0.01). 3)The presence of mitochondria or mitochondrial fragments in ACU-EVs was observed under HIS-SIM superresolution microscope. Compared with NC-EVs group, the pulmonary fluorescence intensity in ACU-EVs group was significantly increased(P < 0.05). ACU-EVs uptake by MH-S cells was observed under confocal laser microscopy. [Conclusion] Electroacupuncture improves mitochondrial function and regulates alveolar macrophage polarization in septic mice, potentially through the transfer of mitochondria mediated by bone marrow EVs.
Key words: electroacupuncture    sepsis    extracellular vesicles    mitochondrial transfer    macrophage polarization