天津中医药大学学报  2021, Vol. 40 Issue (3): 309-312

文章信息

李芷悦, 崔红生, 刘圣康, 吴凤芝
LI Zhiyue, CUI Hongsheng, LIU Shengkang, WU Fengzhi
从“伏邪”理论论治反复呼吸道感染
The treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infection based on the theory of "hidden pathogen"
天津中医药大学学报, 2021, 40(3): 309-312
Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021, 40(3): 309-312
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2021.03.09

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-03-02
从“伏邪”理论论治反复呼吸道感染
李芷悦1 , 崔红生1 , 刘圣康1 , 吴凤芝2     
1. 北京中医药大学第三附属医院呼吸科, 北京 100029;
2. 北京中医药大学期刊中心, 北京 100029
摘要: “伏邪”是导致呼吸道感染反复发作、缠绵难愈的内因之一。根据"伏邪"理论,反复呼吸道感染病位在肺,病机为肺卫不固、肺失宣肃、肺气不足、邪伏于肾。该病的病机核心为"邪伏正虚",治疗应以"扶正透邪"为基本原则。根据该病标本虚实不同,处以不同方剂,旨在为反复呼吸道感染的临床辨治提供新的思路。
关键词: 伏气    伏邪    反复呼吸道感染    黄芩汤    
The treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infection based on the theory of "hidden pathogen"
LI Zhiyue1 , CUI Hongsheng1 , LIU Shengkang1 , WU Fengzhi2     
1. Pneumology Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing 100029, China;
2. Journal Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
Abstract: "Hidden pathogen" is one of the internal causes of recurrent respiratory tract infection. According to the theory of "hidden pathogen", the location of recurrent respiratory tract infection is in the lung. The pathogenesis of recurrent respiratory tract infection is that hidden rash with pattern of unconsolidation of defensive exterior, impaired depurative descending of lung qi, insufficient lung qi, and the pathogen hidden in the kidney. The core pathogenesis of the disease is"deficiency of vital qi due to hidden pathogen", and the basic principle of treatment should be "strengthening the body and removing pathogenic factors". According to the difference of manifestation-root cause and excess-deficiency, different prescriptions were given to provide a new idea for the clinical treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infection.
Key words: fu qi    hidden pathogen    recurrent respiratory tract infection    Huangqin Decoction    

上、下呼吸道感染发生次数在一定时间内增多被称为反复呼吸道感染[1],常见于免疫力低下者,表现为鼻塞、流涕、咽痛、咳嗽等症状[2]。当前反复呼吸道感染西医治疗以抗生素和对症治疗为主,不良反应众多,且造成了普遍耐药,使呼吸道感染很难彻底根治[3]。中医根据临床表现,将反复呼吸道感染归属于“虚体感冒”“体虚咳喘”等范畴[4],并在预防和控制该病上展现了独特优势,本文将从“伏邪”理论角度探赜反复呼吸道感染中医论治方法,以期与同道共飨。

1 邪伏于肾考源

“伏”,《说文解字》解为“伺也,从人从犬”。伏者,匿藏也。所谓伏邪者,即伏气也,伏于体内,逾时而发。伏邪理论始源于《素问·生气通天论》中“冬伤于寒,春必温病”的论述,即将外感冬寒而不即发病、春季方发者,谓之伏邪。伏邪概念有广义和狭义之分[5],广义伏邪指包括痰浊、瘀血、饮食内伤等各种潜伏于体内而不立即发病的邪气[6];狭义伏邪专指明清时期温病学中的伏气温邪,即冬寒袭体,正气被束,正气托邪失司,使邪气伏匿,至春日阳气升发,邪气则顺势而出,发为温病[7]。虽“伏邪”包括广义及狭义之内涵,但无论是外感、内伤、痰饮还是瘀血,伏藏日久均会随人体阴阳之偏颇而产生“寒化”与“热化”的不同转归,分为寒热两端,故本文的“伏邪”乃特指伏寒及伏热。

邪伏于肾是邪伏部位理论发展史的主流观点,早在《黄帝内经》时期就有邪气伏于肾的阐述,如《素问·疟论》曰:“温疟者,此病藏之于肾,其气先从内出之于外也。”首次提出邪气所潜藏的部位在肾。明清时期,温病学家多以“冬不藏精及逆冬气则肾气独沉”立论[8],涌现出色彩纷呈的学术观点和流派,如叶天士在《临证指南医案·幼科要略》云:“冬寒内伏,藏于少阴,入春发于少阳,以春木内应肝胆也。”首次提出伏邪“起于少阴、发于少阳”的学说,丰富了伏邪学说理论内涵。柳宝诒更是继承发展了《黄帝内经》“冬不藏精”的理论体系,认为“唯北方癸水,职主封藏,冬时主令,水寒冰冻,邪亦藏匿”。在论著中极力主张“邪伏于肾”学说。此时,“邪伏于肾”理论由发展走向成熟[9]。中医哲学认为“北方肾水,为坎,为陷也,为隐伏”,人体正气根于先天肾气,肾精充沛则邪气不得藏,肾不藏精则邪气伏而不去[10],故关于邪伏部位,中医对此有着自己独特的认识,“邪伏于肾”乃是对外感病病位深、病程长及病势甚的一种高度概括。

2 反复呼吸道感染病因病机 2.1 肺气不足是反复呼吸道感染的直接因素

“虚体感冒”“体虚咳喘”等古代中医描述与本病较为接近[3]。反复呼吸道感染的形成与否取决于“邪实”与“正虚”,“风雨寒热不得虚,邪不能独伤人”,邪与正两者的失衡主导着反复呼吸道感染的发生与进展。正气充足,肺卫得固,虽遇外邪侵袭,亦可驱邪外出,邪退病愈。若肺卫亏虚,卫外不固,则邪气留恋,病情迁延难愈,不时复发。这一点可以在卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎和巨细胞病毒性肺炎的形成机制方面得到印证。研究表明,大多数这两种疾病患者在临床症状出现前有艾滋病感染病史或服用免疫抑制剂病史[11-12],其中,艾滋病病史和服用免疫抑制剂病史便是对正气亏虚的重要提示。反复呼吸道感染者以久病或年老体虚之人为多,其正气亏虚,肺卫不固,易感受外邪,使得疾病迁延不愈或反复不已。另一方面,病邪内羁,气血津液耗损,导致肺气亏虚,正虚无以与邪相争,无力鼓邪外达,则易致正虚邪恋,使病情迁延,逾时而发。另外,邪气得以潜伏少阴的原因,主要在于肺气亏虚,无力驱邪外达,故而使邪进一步伏藏。

2.2 邪伏于肾是反复呼吸道感染的内在因素

反复呼吸道感染病位在肺,病机为肺卫不固、肺失宣降、肺气不足,但邪气内伏在其发病中亦起到关键作用。这一点可以在支气管扩张病理机制得到印证。研究表明,支气管扩张发作期及稳定期均存在肺部气道以铜绿假单胞菌为主的条件致病菌定植,致病菌定植导致支气管内持续慢性炎症,从中医“取象比类”的“象”思维,可分析细菌定植与气道慢性炎症反应等属于邪气内伏的中医机制[13]。另外,现代抗生素滥用导致苦寒伤正,造成大多数肺部感染为耐药菌感染,耐药菌顽固定植特性正符合伏邪的潜藏性及难以根除的特点,导致反复呼吸道感染迁延难愈。关于该病邪伏部位,中医对此有着自己独特的认识,基本观点多从“邪伏于肾”认识[14]。《灵枢·本脏》认为:“肾合三焦膀胱,三焦膀胱者,腠理毫毛其应也。”肾经络肺,一气相连,故虚邪易从腠理毫毛入侵,经过三焦,下达于肾,此亦是《伤寒论》太少两感之机制;且肾为先天之本,邪气留恋,日久必然及肾,耗损肾中元阴元阳,形成藏匿于肾的伏邪。“邪伏于肾”是对外感病病位深、病程长及病势甚的一种高度概括。“病之变化,不可胜数”,潜伏于肾的邪气非静而动,却悄然发生着变化,其会随着人体阴阳两气之偏颇使伏邪发生“寒化”和“热化”,分为寒热两端[15],故本文论述的伏邪特指“伏寒”“伏热”两行。叶天士认为冬季伏寒将经过少阳热化而外发,故在《温热论·三时伏气外感篇》中把黄芩汤列为治疗伏邪外发之主方[16]

2.3 正邪交争结果影响反复呼吸道感染病情转归

“正盛则伏而不发,正虚则出而为病”,正邪交争结果对病情转归结局主要包括3个方面,或正盛邪退,邪伏不发;或邪盛正弱,邪发为病;或正邪平均,导致病情缠绵,久病或变生他证。关于伏邪的发病原理,不外乎“新感引动”与“伏邪自发” [17]。根据《时病论》中的论述,“新感引动”者多为“春温”病和“风温”病;“春温”病多指人体于春日新感寒邪而引动体内伏邪发病者,“风温”乃指于春日新感风邪而引动体内伏邪发病者;而“伏邪自发”者多为“温病”,即未受到任何外邪引动,伏邪却在春日自发者[18]。至于邪气自发,多与人体内部气机变动和正气不足有关,如“春三月,此谓发陈”,天人之气相应,肝气应春日生发之气,故伏邪多在春日应肝气生发而外发。无论是哪种发病原理,均可从正邪关系上考量,新感引动或体内气机变动均可使所伏之邪气由少到多、由弱到强变化,如章虚谷言“如烟之渐熏,水之渐积”,最终使邪气斥盛,正邪失衡,伏邪外发。虽然影响反复呼吸道感染急性加重的因素是多方面的,但归根结底均导致了邪盛正弱的正邪失衡状态;但导致该病病情缠绵难愈往往是与正邪在低水平上交争有关。故防治反复呼吸道感染急性加重和缠绵难愈的关键除了阻断邪气的蓄积,及时补益正气才能中止其由“伏”而“发”。

3 反复呼吸道感染的中医治疗——透邪扶正,把握标本

“邪伏正虚”为患是反复呼吸道感染的核心病机,针对“邪伏正虚”的病机,“透邪扶正”是治疗反复呼吸道感染的基本原则。反复呼吸道感染急性加重期治宜先标后本,以“透邪”为主。伏邪久郁少阴,邪入既深,不能遽出,始先用药深入肾中,领邪由里向外而解,再兼扶正,使正气托邪外达。另外,由于伏邪多从太阳、阳明、少阳或肺胃而出,一方面要托透在少阴之邪,另一方面要乘势疏透三阳之气,使伏邪顺利外透[19]

伏寒伤人之阳,伏温灼人之阴。针对寒伏少阴或邪从寒化,耗伤元阳,遵张仲景太少同治法,用麻黄附子汤系列扶阳托邪。若元阳稍虚者,正气仍得抗邪于表,宜用麻黄附子细辛汤;若元阳再虚者,则宜麻黄附子甘草汤。取太阳为少阴出路之说,用麻黄开透太阳,使邪外透,附子鼓荡阳气,使伏邪外达太阳,细辛温肾祛寒,甘草扶正补虚,双方均以促邪外达为顺,使邪溃正复。针对热伏少阴或邪从热化,灼阴伤津,遵昔贤治法而变其方药,倡黄芩汤加味。黄芩汤清热坚阴,但滋阴透邪力量不足,故加生地黄、玄参滋阴清热,加牡丹皮、白薇清泄伏热,加柴胡、蝉蜕、淡豆豉辛透达邪,加枇杷叶清肃肺金,共奏养阴透邪之效。

迁延期以本虚病机为主要矛盾,伏寒、伏热等病机不甚明显,故应先本后标,以扶正为主,兼以祛邪。针对肺气不足者,以培土生金为法,方予六君子汤或玉屏风散化裁;对于气阴两虚者,以益气养阴为法,方予沙参麦冬汤或生脉饮加减。肺病及肾,肺肾两虚者,应金水并补、肺肾同调;肺肾阴虚者,方宜百合固金汤或金水六君煎化裁;肾阳虚者,以金匮肾气丸加减,使正复邪除。反复呼吸道感染补益之法需以平补、通补为主,切忌呆补、峻补,引动伏邪。

4 小结

伏邪是导致呼吸道感染反复发作的内因,根据伏邪理论,该病病位在肺,与“邪伏于肾”病机密切相关。该病的核心病机为“邪伏正虚”,治疗应以“扶正透邪”为基本原则。反复呼吸道感染急性加重期治宜先标后本,以“透邪”为主;针对寒伏少阴或邪从寒化,耗伤元阳,遵张仲景太少同治法,用麻黄附子汤系列扶阳托邪;对于热伏少阴或邪从热化,灼阴伤津,遵昔贤治法而变其方药,倡黄芩汤加味。迁延期应先本后标,以扶正为主,兼以祛邪,治以平补、通补为原则,以培土生金、金水并补为法,处以不同方剂。凡是临床可见咳喘反复发作、病情缠绵难治者皆可以伏邪理论思辨,但临证中需灵活变通,注意他证兼夹,随症加减,效如桴鼓。

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