天津中医药大学学报  2022, Vol. 41 Issue (1): 14-17

文章信息

刘耀远, 王凯, 吕玲, 李霄, 张泽曦, 秦秀德, 江丰
LIU Yaoyuan, WANG Kai, LYU Ling, LI Xiao, ZHANG Zexi, QIN Xiude, JIANG Feng
从“胃不和则卧不安”理论浅析张伯礼教授辨治血管痉挛性心绞痛临证思维
Analysis of Professor ZHANG Boli's clinical thinking on syndrome differentiation and treatment of vasospastic angina from the theory of "disharmony of stomach leads to insomnia with restlessness"
天津中医药大学学报, 2022, 41(1): 14-17
Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 41(1): 14-17

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-09-22
从“胃不和则卧不安”理论浅析张伯礼教授辨治血管痉挛性心绞痛临证思维
刘耀远1,2 , 王凯3 , 吕玲4 , 李霄4 , 张泽曦4 , 秦秀德5 , 江丰4     
1. 天津中医药大学第一附属医院, 天津 300381;
2. 国家中医针灸临床研究中心, 天津 300381;
3. 天津中医药大学第二附属医院, 天津 300250;
4. 天津中医药大学, 天津 301617;
5. 广州中医药大学第四临床医学院, 深圳市中医院, 深圳 518000
摘要: 文章从"胃不和则卧不安"理论入手,认为血管痉挛性心绞痛病机以"阳微阴弦"为核心,以中焦升降失司、上焦心阳不振、湿饮瘀浊痹阻为要点,具有本虚标实的特征;其辨治应着眼于振上焦心阳、蠲湿饮瘀浊、和中焦升降及缓心脉挛急4个层次。文章浅析血管痉挛性心绞痛的辨治思路,以期对张伯礼教授在该病诊疗中展现出的临证思维有所体悟。
关键词: 血管痉挛性心绞痛    胸痹心痛    胃不和则卧不安    张伯礼    
Analysis of Professor ZHANG Boli's clinical thinking on syndrome differentiation and treatment of vasospastic angina from the theory of "disharmony of stomach leads to insomnia with restlessness"
LIU Yaoyuan1,2 , WANG Kai3 , LYU Ling4 , LI Xiao4 , ZHANG Zexi4 , QIN Xiude5 , JIANG Feng4     
1. First Teaching Hospital of Tanjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China;
2. National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China;
3. Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, China;
4. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
5. The Fourth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
Abstract: Starting with the theory of "disharmony of stomach leads to insomnia with restlessness", this paper holds that the pathogenesis of vasospastic angina takes "Yangweiyinxian" as the core, and the key points of vasospastic angina are the disorder of qi ascending and descending in the middle-jiao, the lack of yang in the upper-jiao, and the obstruction of dampness pathogen, phlegm and fluid-retention and stagnated blood, which has the characteristics of deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality. The syndrome differentiation and treatment should focus on four levels: reinforcing the heart-yang of upper-jiao, clearing dampness pathogen, phlegm and fluid-retention and removing stagnated blood, regulating qi ascending and descending in the middle-jiao and relieving vasospasm of the heart. This paper analyzes the thinking of syndrome differentiation and treatment of vasospastic angina, in order to understand Professor ZHANG Boli's clinical thinking in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Key words: vasospastic angina    chest stuffiness and pains    disharmony of stomach leads to insomnia with restlessness    ZHANG Boli    

血管痉挛性心绞痛(VSA)属心绞痛特殊类型,由冠状动脉痉挛引起,临床常表现为静息性心绞痛,以发作期心电图ST段一过性抬高为特征。VSA严重影响患者生活质量,甚至导致猝死。西医采用钙通道阻滞药、硝酸酯类等作为VSA的主要治疗药物[1]。VSA发作时具有胸痛、气短等症,属“胸痹心痛”范畴。“阳微阴弦”是胸痹心痛的病机核心,揭示了其阳气虚馁、阴邪上乘的病机特征,“胃不和则卧不安”理论从气机升降紊乱的角度,丰富了VSA病机的内容。张伯礼教授临证治疗心血管疾病50余载,学验俱丰,笔者有幸跟师侍诊,现结合“胃不和则卧不安”理论浅析张教授辨治VSA的思路如下。

1 VSA病机概要

“胃不和则卧不安”语出《素问·逆调论》:“阳明逆不得从其道,故不得卧也……胃不和则卧不安,此之谓也。”原指足阳明胃经经气上逆,致人不得平卧的一种病证,后世多有发挥,如《医学心悟》有言:“胃不和,则卧不安……不和,故不眠也。”该理论为不寐等心系疾病提供了辨治思路,在VSA的辨治中亦具指导作用。

VSA常表现为夜间、清晨等休息时间发作的静息性心绞痛,此谓“卧不安”;部分VSA患者兼有胃脘胀痛、泛酸嗳气等症,此谓“胃不和”。张教授指出,当此类患者“胃不和”症状急性加重时,常伴随“卧不安”症状的加重,即VSA发作频率的增加和症状程度的加重。胃不和以中焦气机升降失司为标,卧不安则以心脉拘急痹阻为本。中焦升降失司导致心脉拘急痹阻,是由于中焦脾胃司运化之能,斡旋一身气机之升降,而宗气积于胸中,“贯心脉而行呼吸焉”(《灵枢·邪客》),若中焦气机升降失司,一来导致宗气生化乏源,上焦心阳不振,二则引起湿饮瘀浊由生,趁虚上犯心脉,致心脉拘急痹阻,出现VSA与消化道症状并见的现象,即“胃不和则卧不安”。正如《素问·六微旨大论》所言:“出入废则神机化灭,升降息则气立孤危。”VSA的病机以阳微阴弦为核心,以本虚标实为特征,与气机升降失司密切相关。《四圣心源》有言:“中气者,和济水火之机,升降金木之轴。”脾胃气机升降不仅关系到胸中宗气之运行,还影响着气血津液之输布,因此对于VSA患者,均可从“胃不和则卧不安”理论进行治疗,不必拘泥于患者消化道症状的有无。

2 VSA辨治层次

《太平圣惠方》云:“夫卒心痛者,由脏腑虚弱,风邪冷热之气客于手少阴之络。”VSA病机以宗气不足、心阳不振为本,湿饮瘀浊上犯心脉为标,呈现出本虚标实的特征,与中焦气机升降失司关系密切。故在治疗中应秉承扶正祛邪的治疗大法,扶助正气、振奋心阳以治其本,利湿蠲饮、祛瘀化浊以治其标;注重气机之调畅以复其升降、心脉之通利以缓其拘急。诸法并施,共奏标本兼治之效。

2.1 扶助正气、振奋心阳以治其本

《素问·生气通天论》记载:“阳气者若天与日,失其所则折寿而不彰。”VSA病机以宗气不足、心阳不振为本,而夜间、凌晨是一天中阳气最弱的时间段,故患者常于此时发病。因此,扶正应首重温通,证见宗气不足、心阳不振者,用党参、云苓为基本药对,据其阳虚程度酌与桂枝、吴茱萸、干姜、附子之品,大辛大热以温助心阳;并借薤白辛散之性以通胸阳之闭结。虚甚者用人参以大补元气;若气阴两虚者,可选用太子参或西洋参双补气阴。证见阴液亏耗者,用沙参、麦冬为基本药对,以滋中上两焦之阴;并据阴虚的病位、程度酌加黄精、百合、玉竹、天冬、石斛之品以养其津液。

2.2 利湿蠲饮、祛瘀化浊以治其标

证见痰湿痹阻者,若痰湿较轻而热象不显,则投之开泄,用藿香、佩兰、白蔻以芳化,茯苓、薏米以淡渗,淡豆豉、紫苏叶以醒脾;痰热蕴结者,投之苦泄,用茵陈、苍术、萆薢以清化其痰热;湿浊胶结者,加蚕砂、半夏以燥化其湿浊[2-3]。症见瘀血阻滞者,以降香、延胡索、丹参、郁金为基本药队,辛温与寒凉并用,活血与行气合法,以期化瘀理气之效。若见血瘀较重、疼痛剧烈者酌加五灵脂、三七、乳香、没药以散瘀定痛[4]。“痰火煎熬,血亦妄行,痰血相杂,妨碍升降”(《医学正传》),痰、瘀均为有形实邪,易碍气机之宣通,且两者在疾病发生发展过程中互为因果、互相影响,对于痰瘀互结之证,可将祛痰与消瘀同用,使气行而湿化,痰消而瘀去[5]

2.3 辛开苦降、温消合法以和其中

《素问·六微旨大论》云:“升降出入,无器不有。”张仲景集寒热苦辛于一方,立辛开苦降之法,治疗寒热互见、升降失调之证。张教授常用辛开苦降法以调畅中焦气机,如将半夏、干姜与黄连、黄芩同用,以泄热消痞、寒温相佐;将黄连与吴茱萸同用,施疏清肝火之法,奏辛开苦降之效[6];并据患者病情调整用药比例,使脾升胃降,气机调畅。兼见肝气不舒者,用柴胡、郁金、佛手、白芍、川楝子、合欢花等味,疏肝解郁、理气和中。VSA具有反复发作的特点,故张教授强调防治结合,通过调理中焦脾胃之升降,以期达未病先防、既病防变、瘥后防复之效。

2.4 衷中参西、止痉通脉以缓其急

张教授强调“以辨病为先,以辨证为主”[7],诊治时将中医病因病机学、中药学理论与现代病理学、药理学相参,衷中参西、病证结合以求遣方用药之精准。冠状动脉痉挛由心脉拘急痹阻所致,故应治取其要,止痉通脉以缓心脉之拘急。现代药理研究发现,在张教授治疗VSA的常用药中,延胡索、降香、葛根、佛手等具有扩张冠状动脉作用,黄连、赤芍等具有保护心肌作用,萆薢、吴茱萸等具有抗心肌缺血作用[8-15],这在一定程度上证明了中医辨治VSA的作用机制,也为中西医结合治疗VSA提供了新的治疗思路和研究方向。

3 典型病案

初诊(2019年3月20日):患者女性,64岁,主诉:心前区疼痛间作7年余。现病史:患者7年前于夜间突然出现心前区压榨性疼痛,伴憋气、汗出,含服硝酸甘油后缓解,就诊于当地医院急诊,监测心电图发现广泛导联ST段呈一过性抬高,诊断为“冠心病,变异型心绞痛”,对症治疗后病情缓解。近日胸痛频作,遂来诊。刻下症:患者无明显诱因反复出现胸骨后压榨性疼痛,伴憋气、汗出,含服硝酸甘油后缓解。吞酸,脘痞,纳可,寐差,二便调,舌紫暗,苔白腻燥,脉弦。处方:茵陈20 g,苍术15 g,萆薢20 g,党参15 g,茯苓15 g,半夏15 g,黄连12 g,降香15 g,五灵脂15 g,延胡索15 g,丹参30 g,郁金15 g,三七粉(冲服)6 g,葛根20 g,干姜15 g,珍珠母30 g,10剂,每剂3煎,2 d分4次温服,嘱患者避风寒、节饮食、调情志。

2诊(2019年5月6日):患者服药后,胸痛发作次数减少,症状明显减轻,休息即可缓解,吞酸、腹胀有所缓解,纳可,寐差,二便调,舌红暗,苔薄白,脉弦。处方:党参15 g,茯苓20 g,半夏15 g,黄连15 g,降香15 g,延胡索15 g,丹参30 g,郁金15 g,三七粉(冲服)6 g,葛根20 g,干姜15 g,吴茱萸6 g,柏子仁30 g,首乌藤30 g,珍珠母30 g,10剂,煎服如前法。经随访得知,患者自2诊服药后胸痛已两年未作,吞酸、胃胀缓解,睡眠得到改善。

内伤脾胃,百病由生。脾胃为气机升降之枢纽,中焦受病则气机升降失司,导致上焦宗气不足、心阳不振,湿饮瘀浊上犯心脉,进而引起心脉拘急痹阻之证。当观其脉证,抓住VSA本虚标实的病机特征,注重脾胃气机之调畅,扶其正而祛其邪。正如《脾胃论》所言:“五脏皆得胃气,乃能通利。”以“胃不和则卧不安”理论指导VSA的辨治,进一步丰富了对该病病机的认识,为其辨治提供了新的思路。

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