天津中医药大学学报  2022, Vol. 41 Issue (2): 250-257

文章信息

王聪颖, 韩蕊, 李晶芳, 殷宏庆, 樊佳佳, 杨珍, 宋丽丽, 张艳军
WANG Congying, HAN Rui, LI Jingfang, YIN Hongqing, FAN Jiajia, YANG Zhen, SONG Lili, ZHANG Yanjun
类风湿关节炎相关间质性肺病发病机制、诊断及治疗研究进展
Research progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease
天津中医药大学学报, 2022, 41(2): 250-257
Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 41(2): 250-257
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2022.02.25

文章历史

收稿日期: 2021-12-01
类风湿关节炎相关间质性肺病发病机制、诊断及治疗研究进展
王聪颖 , 韩蕊 , 李晶芳 , 殷宏庆 , 樊佳佳 , 杨珍 , 宋丽丽 , 张艳军     
天津中医药大学, 天津 301617
摘要: 类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种炎症性自身免疫疾病, 主要影响关节还会影响其他身体组织。间质性肺病(ILD)是RA关节外表现较常见的一种疾病, 可显著影响RA疾病的进展及预后。由于RA-ILD的致病因素及发病机制的复杂多样, 以及缺乏特异性的诊断方法和明确的治疗手段, 因此本文对RA-ILD的致病因素、发病机制、诊断及治疗的相关文献进行归纳与总结, 以期为临床治疗提供参考。
关键词: 类风湿关节炎    间质性肺病    发病机制    诊断    治疗    研究进展    
Research progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease
WANG Congying , HAN Rui , LI Jingfang , YIN Hongqing , FAN Jiajia , YANG Zhen , SONG Lili , ZHANG Yanjun     
Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that mainly affects joints and other body tissues. Interstitial lung disease(ILD) is a common disease with extra-articular manifestations of RA, which can significantly affect the progression and prognosis of RA. Due to the complexity and diversity of the pathogenic factors and pathogenesis of RA-ILD, as well as the lack of specific diagnostic methods and clear treatment methods, this article summarizes the related literature on the pathogenic factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of RA-ILD in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.
Key words: rheumatoid arthritis    interstitial lung disease    pathogenesis    diagnosis    treatment    research progress    

类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病[1],主要影响关节[2]。目前中国RA的发病率约为0.34%~0.36%[3-4],特征是周围对称性关节炎,可导致关节破坏,并可能引发关节外表现(EAMS),约40%的RA病人在临床中检查出明显的EAMS。据统计10%~20%的RA死亡与肺脏疾病直接相关。在患有RA同时临床检查显示肺部受损的患者中,超过80%的死亡是因其肺部疾病造成[5]

肺是EAMS最主要的发病部位之一,RA肺部疾病包括支气管扩张、类风湿结节、Caplan综合征、胸膜疾病,特别是间质性肺病(ILD)[6]。ILD作为RA中最常见的肺部疾病亚型之一,是一种严重的弥漫性肺实质疾病,伴有气体交换受损及肺泡间隔纤维化损伤[7],是引起RA高死亡率的最重要因素之一[8-10]。正常情况下RA患者的平均生存期为9.9年,而RA-ILD患者则为2.6年[11]。可见ILD不仅严重损害RA患者的生活质量,同时急剧缩短其生存时间。RA-ILD常表现为间质性肺炎(UIP)[12]的损伤模式,其次是非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)[13],其他模式并不常见。数据显示,RA的总死亡率正在下降,但RA-ILD的死亡率似乎逐年上升[14],因此有必要分析归纳出影响RA进展为RA-ILD的致病因素及其发病机制,同时总结RA-ILD的诊断方法以及治疗策略,以期为临床治疗提供参考。

1 致病因素

RA自身发展为RA-ILD的可能性较小,多因各种致病因素诱导产生。促使RA发展为RA-ILD的公认致病因素包括吸烟、性别、年龄等,其中诱发ILD的关键致病因素为吸烟。

1.1 吸烟

吸烟已是诱导RA发展为RA-ILD的公认致病因素。由于香烟中含有尼古丁、多环芳烃、活性氧、重金属(如镉)以及其他化合物,可通过复杂方式影响粘膜免疫,进而造成肺部炎症及病变。当RA病人存在吸烟史时,可加大患有ILD疾病的风险。Kronzer等[15]发现与从未吸烟相比,吸烟将患有RA-ILD的机率扩大了3倍以上。此外,与不吸烟者相比,每年吸烟30包或更多者,会增加6倍的患病风险。

1.2 性别

尽管在RA中女性占主导地位,但RA-ILD多为男性[11]。Kelly等[16]利用高分辨率CT(HRCT)和肺功能检测共筛选出230名RA-ILD确诊病人,诊断的男女比例为1∶1.09,多因素分析发现男性与RA-ILD独立相关。性别差异同样出现在ILD的组织病理学亚型之间,男性多为UIP,而女性多为NSIP[5],但目前对于此现象可能产生原因的研究较少。

1.3 年龄

据报道,年龄也可能是诱导ILD发生的致病因素[17],根据10年的年龄差异计算风险评估发现在较短时间内高龄使RA-ILD的发病风险提高了64%[18]。Zhang等[19]研究发现每增加10岁,ILD的发病风险增长59.9%,同时ILD的发病年龄多在50~69岁。年龄与RA-ILD患病风险增加之间的关联尚不完全清楚,但可能与老年RA病人(≥60岁)的EAMS发病率增加有关。

1.4 其他

其他诱发RA-ILD的潜在致病因素包括胃食管反流病、肺泡表面活性蛋白异常、内质网应激、端粒长度以及气道微生物防御相关的特定基因突变等[20-21]。有研究指出,在RA-ILD患者的靶向全外显子组测序中,发现了几个端粒维持相关基因和肺泡表面活性蛋白基因突变频率增加的现象[22]

2 RA-ILD的发病机制

RA-ILD的发病机制尚不清楚,它可能通过瓜氨酸化蛋白[23]、抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体以及免疫细胞等诱导RA发展为RA-ILD。因此,总结与该疾病相关的发病机制可为有效预防、诊断、治疗提供一定帮助。

2.1 瓜氨酸化蛋白质

最近有关吸烟、瓜氨酸化蛋白质与RA、RA-ILD之间的关联研究日益增多。吸烟是RA及RA-ILD发展的既定致病因素。烟草烟雾中的复杂成分可以直接导致肺部细胞因子及酶分泌异常,损伤呼吸上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞,并且能够增加肽酰基精氨酸脱亚胺酶(PAD)的含量,PAD会刺激肺中蛋白瓜氨酸化,两者共同作用刺激肺的局部炎症反应,造成细胞浸润及某些因子如转化生长因子以及促纤维细胞因子的释放,进一步导致肺组织损伤并促进成纤维细胞的分化及增殖。同时瓜氨酸化蛋白作为临床前水平的关键因素,它是局部免疫反应的抗原靶点,能诱导抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体的产生继而促使RA发病,最终导致RA-ILD[11]。研究人员发现吸烟可增强肺泡腔室和支气管黏膜中PAD2的表达,并增加前者中瓜氨酸化蛋白的表达[24],吸烟也影响了PADI4的表达,而且瓜氨酸化蛋白的表达与其呈正相关性[25]。因此当RA患者存在吸烟行为时,提高了肺部PAD水平,导致蛋白瓜氨酸化增加,刺激肺部炎症造成肺损伤,继而诱发RA-ILD。吸烟影响RA患者诱发ILD的途径见图 1

图 1 吸烟影响RA患者诱发ILD的途径
2.2 抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体(ACPA)

有研究表明ACPA与RA-ILD的发病及其严重程度相关。ACPA为RA的特异性抗体,可通过多种可能方式引起局部黏膜、气道、肺间质损伤。这包括形成免疫复合物,促进炎症细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL-6、IL-8)的形成及释放[26]。Giles[27]观察到与没有ILD的RA患者相比,具有ILD影像学特征的RA患者中ACPA的水平较高,通常高出几倍,这意味着ACPA浓度高的RA患者更容易诱发ILD。Joshua[28]利用HRCT检测106位确诊为早期RA患者中ACPA阳性患者存在肺实质异常,提示ACPA阳性使得RA诊断时存在肺实质异常的风险增加。

2.3 免疫细胞 2.3.1 B细胞

虽然RA-ILD的潜在免疫机制尚未清晰,但有报道认为B细胞可能发挥了一定作用。研究人员发现有ILD的RA患者比没有的患者记忆B细胞的数量减少[29],在RA相关的ILD中,可以检测到明显的滤泡B细胞增生,几乎完全聚集在细支气管的淋巴周围[30],提示B细胞可能在RA-ILD中具有重要作用。

2.3.2 T细胞

T细胞被认为在RA的发病机制中处于重要位置,T细胞异常可能与关节外疾病表现相关,包括肺部疾病。研究人员发现RA-ILD患者外周血中T细胞与CD4+T淋巴细胞的相对计数较单纯RA患者降低[31],表明T细胞可能参与原发性RA的发病及发展过程中间质肺的形成。由于RA患者自身体内产生某些特异性抗体,这些抗体通过抗原呈递细胞上表达的Fc受体与瓜氨酸肽结合,导致促炎细胞因子如TNFα的生成,最终造成肺间质中出现弥漫性浸润。有研究表明,特别是与特发性间质性肺炎(IIP)相比,RA-ILD中CD4+和CD3+T细胞浸润的程度增加,这与疾病表现的模式无关(例如,RA-UIP或RA-NSIP)[32]

3 诊断 3.1 临床表现

RA-ILD常发生在肺间质中,包括支气管、肺泡间隔、小叶间隔、血管周围等,通常没有明显症状,或被行动不便掩盖,直至肺功能严重受损。RA-ILD最常见的胸部CT特征包括网状结节变化、胸膜增厚、磨玻璃异常,其次是间体隔膜增厚、结节、肺气肿[19]。RA-ILD患者肺脏HRCT出现异常情况,显示网状和磨玻璃异常的组合,肺功能检测如一氧化碳扩散能力和用力肺活量(FVC)异常。全身关节肿痛的同时,还伴随多种呼吸系统症状,如干咳、胸闷、气促等,晚期可引起贫血、缺氧性肺动脉高压,甚至肺源性心脏病等[33-34]

3.2 疾病分型

RA-ILD以UIP及NSIP两种亚型最为常见[26, 35]。UIP的疾病特点为蜂窝状斑片异质纤维化和活跃的成纤维细胞灶,而NSIP具有一致性,包括肺泡壁明显增厚以及不同程度的炎症及纤维化。有新的数据表明:在临床上有明显的RA-ILD时,潜在的组织病理学表型与预后有关,RA-ILD的UIP模式比非UIP模式病死率高[16, 36-37],RA-ILD患者UIP模式急性发作的发作率高于非UIP模式,RA-UIP患者的生存时间比RA-NSIP患者缩短[38]

3.3 生物标志物 3.3.1 血清类风湿因子

血清类风湿因子(RF)是针对RA发现的首批血清学生物标志物之一[12],可分为IgA-RF、IgG-RF、IgM-RF、IgE-RF。RF IgM在RA患者的肺泡壁及肺小动脉中广泛沉积,但IgG和IgA的沉积程度较低[39]。Doyle等[40]研究表明,RF水平升高与临床阳性和亚临床性RA-ILD均相关。

3.3.2 涎液化糖链抗原-6

涎液化糖链抗原-6(KL-6)是一种糖类蛋白,位于Ⅱ型肺细胞和细支气管上皮细胞[41],能够促进成纤维细胞增殖和迁移,影响纤维化的形成与发展,最终导致肺间质病变[42]。杨金良等人[43]通过检测血清KL-6水平,发现较单纯RA组相比,RA-ILD组明显升高,同时发现血清KL-6与28个关节疾病活动度评分具有相关性,提示RA-ILD的发病率随关节疾病活动度的升高而升高。

3.4 抗风湿药物(DMARDS)

目前对于DMARDS与ILD的发生或恶化之间的因果关系尚不确定,但是大量报告对DMARDS的安全性提出了担忧。在发病率和病死率达到20%的患者中,甲氨蝶呤可导致0.86%~6.9%的ILD或肺炎。患者的常见症状为呼吸困难、干咳、胸痛、发烧等,病死率小于1%[44]。来氟米特(LEF)也与ILD相关[45],可使先前存在的肺部疾病有加重的风险,同时对生存率有潜在的影响[46-47]。其主要机制可能是LEF引起超敏反应导致肺炎的发生[48],而间质纤维化的发展可能与A771726的作用有关。A771726是一种LEF的活性代谢产物,可诱导肺上皮细胞向肌纤维蛋白转移[49],这一现象被称为“上皮间质转移”(EMT)。EMT不仅与异常的伤口修复及组织重塑有关,而且与器官纤维化及ILD有关[50-51]。环磷酰胺(CTX)[52]是一种常用免疫抑制剂,可用于治疗RA,但存在肺毒性、心脏毒性、肝毒性等副作用[53]。有研究指出,CTX引发肺毒性的原因可能是CTX首先激活晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE),再激活由RAGE介导的核因子κB(NF-κB),促进肺脏促炎细胞因子释放,从而导致急性肺损伤[54]。有人指出长期服用托珠单抗会造成RA-ILD的病情恶化[55]。一项新的研究证明,肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂(TNF-I)可能与RA中ILD不良事件相关,可诱发更严重的肺部症状,甚至导致死亡[56]。因此服用某些DMARDSs时,应考虑该药物对RA-ILD的影响,酌情服用该药物。

4 治疗 4.1 西药治疗

对于RA-ILD的最佳治疗手段尚未确定,因此治疗时应综合考虑患者临床特征、肺功能以及放射学检测等,对患者的疾病严重程度及表现进行评估,根据评估结果进行抗炎、免疫抑制剂及抗纤维化治疗。由于吸烟为RA-ILD的关键致病因素,因此建议所有RA患者戒烟。对于RA-ILD患者的最初治疗策略是服用糖皮质激素,通常以口服泼尼松(0.5 mg/kg)开始,然后依据临床效果数周或数月内逐渐降低剂量[57]。N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)具有扩血管、抗炎、抗氧化的作用,可用于治疗呼吸系统疾病。尹婷婷等人研究发现在常规治疗的基础上口服大剂量NAC后,RA-ILD患者的症状及肺功能得到明显改善[58]。环孢素是一种钙调磷酸酶抑制剂,对T淋巴细胞活化具有抑制作用,被广泛用于免疫性继发性间质性肺病的治疗[59-60]。霉酚酸酯、硫唑嘌呤等免疫抑制剂都已被用于治疗RA-ILD[26]。研究表明霉酚酸酯对于包含RA-ILD在内的多种结缔组织病合并ILD具有良好效果[61]。其他治疗药物还包括肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂(英夫利昔单抗、依那西普)、IL-6受体抑制剂(托珠单抗)、抗CD20单抗(利妥昔单抗)、T细胞共刺激信号阻断剂(阿巴西普)以及抗纤维化药物如吡非尼酮、尼达尼布等[62]。Vadillo等[13]发现与服用利妥昔单抗的RA-ILD患者相比,没有服用的患者更容易引起呼吸损害,因此肯定了其治疗RA-ILD的有益作用。杨金良等人发现吡非尼酮与糖皮质激素联合应用治疗RA-ILD临床效果显著,能够改善血清KL-6、ACPA的水平,促进肺功能恢复正常[63]。Wollin等[64]研究发现尼达尼布能够减轻肺纤维化小鼠的炎症及纤维化。严重肺纤维化应考虑肺移植等手术治疗。

4.2 中医治疗

RA-ILD的相关病名在古籍中未有记载,但依据其症状可归于痹症范畴。因其病程长,反复发作,缠绵难愈,日久病及肺脏,而成“肺痹”。中医在治疗RA-ILD过程中主要存在单味药及复方治疗,见表 1。丹参、雷公藤、地龙、生地、黄芪等常用于治疗RA-ILD。陈红等[65]发现雷公藤多苷能够改善RA-ILD病人的肺部结构,增强肺部功能,促进肺部恢复正常状态,从而产生抗肺纤维化作用。

表 1 RA-ILD的中药治疗
5 结论

RA-ILD是一种关注度日益增高且病情严重的疾病,对于RA-ILD还存在以下问题:1)对于致病因素而言,虽然吸烟为主要影响因素,但存在多种因素相互交错的现象,导致RA-ILD的病因复杂,无法做到对因治疗。2)RA-ILD的肺部病变可能早于RA症状也可能伴随产生,同时特异性抗体及免疫功能等个人因素导致发病机制复杂,应综合临床指标及具体情况进行对症治疗。3)对于RA-ILD的检测手段及评估需要进一步加强。4)RA-ILD的治疗需要新的突破,例如将中医的整体观念及辩证论治的思想与西医检测手段相结合用于RA-ILD的诊断及中西药联合治疗等。这些问题有待后续研究者解决。

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