天津中医药大学学报  2022, Vol. 41 Issue (5): 555-558

文章信息

朱荣欣, 丁樱, 吴瑞红, 李盼盼, 任献青
ZHU Rongxin, DING Ying, WU Ruihong, LI Panpan, REN Xianqing
从心肾相交理论出发探析小儿遗尿症的临床诊治
Analysis of the clinical diagnosis and treatment of infantile enuresis from the coordination between the heart and kidney
天津中医药大学学报, 2022, 41(5): 555-558
Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 41(5): 555-558
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2022.05.03

文章历史

收稿日期: 2022-04-30
从心肾相交理论出发探析小儿遗尿症的临床诊治
朱荣欣1 , 丁樱2 , 吴瑞红2 , 李盼盼2 , 任献青2     
1. 河南中医药大学,郑州 450000;
2. 河南中医药大学第一附属医院,郑州 450000
摘要: 遗尿是小儿时期以夜间尿床为主要临床表现的疾病,历代多数医家认为主要病机为膀胱虚冷,不能约束,然大量临床病例及文献提示心肾失交证为其主要病机之一。文章基于“心肾相交”理论,探讨小儿遗尿心肾失交的病因病机、辨证论治。其主要病机为心肾失交致遗尿频作,并与脾胃受损、肝肺气机升降失调密切相关。治疗上以交通心肾、水火既济之法为重,方选交泰丸加减清补并用,标本兼施;脾胃失和者,予保和丸加减以健运脾胃;脾气不足者,予补中益气汤加减以补气健脾;肝经湿热者,予龙胆泻肝汤加减以清肝泻火;肺气不宣者,予甘草干姜汤加减以益气温阳。
关键词: 小儿遗尿症    心肾相交    心肾失交    辨证论治    
Analysis of the clinical diagnosis and treatment of infantile enuresis from the coordination between the heart and kidney
ZHU Rongxin1 , DING Ying2 , WU Ruihong2 , LI Panpan2 , REN Xianqing2     
1. Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
2. Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, China
Abstract: Enuresis is a disease with bedwetting at night as the main clinical manifestation in children. Most physicians in the past believe that the main pathogenesis is the deficiency and coldness of the bladder, which cannot be restrained. However, a large number of clinical cases and literature suggest that the heart and kidney failure is one of the main pathogenesis. Based on the theory of coordination between the heart and kidney, the theoretical basis, etiology, pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation and treatment of children with enuresis and disharmony between the heart and kidney are discussed. Its main pathogenesis is frequent enuresis caused by disharmony between the heart and kidney and it is closely related to spleen and stomach damage, liver and lung qi disorder. The treatment focuses on the method of improving the heart and kidney, fire and water being coordinated. The prescription is to choose Jiaotai Pills with addition, subtraction, clearing and tonic, and both specimens. For spleen and stomach disorders, Baohe Pills is added and subtracted to strengthen the spleen and stomach; for those with insufficient temperament, add Buzhong Yiqi Decoction to invigorate qi and invigorate the spleen; for liver meridian damp-heat, use Longdan Xiegan Decoction to clear the liver and relieve fire; for undeclared lung qi, use Gancao Ganjiang Decoction to benefiting qi and warming yang.
Key words: infantile enuresis    coordination between the heart and kidney    disharmony between the heart and kidney    treatment according to syndrome differentiation    

遗尿症是指排除器质性病变,5周岁以上小儿在夜间睡眠中小便自遗,醒后方觉的一种病症[1]。本病发病以男孩较多,在5岁儿童中发病率为8%~20%,10岁儿童中为1.5%~10%,给患儿带来严重的心理压力,对其身心健康及生长发育产生不利影响[2]。遗尿的病因很多,至今未完全阐明,西医认为家庭遗传[3]、发育迟缓[4]、叶酸和维生素B12缺乏[5]、心理因素等均可诱发。本病在中医属于“遗溺”“失禁”等范畴,部分临床专家认为其病机以下元虚寒为主,如《诸病源候论》曰:“遗尿者,此由膀胱虚冷,不能约于水故也。”[6]然大量的临床病例和文献提示心肾不交证亦为小儿遗尿的主要病机之一,如《活幼心书·五淋》言“遗溺者,乃心肾传送失度”,并认为该病的诊治从“交通心肾、水火既济”入手,可取得较好的临床疗效,故本文基于“心肾相交”理论对小儿遗尿的病机和临床诊治进行探析并总结如下。

1 心肾相交之内涵

“心肾相交”论是中医的古老理论体系,在《周易》的卦象中已有记载,孙思邈在《备急千金要方》中首次明确立论,周之干首次提出“心肾相交”的概念,后世医家有了延伸与拓展。心与肾之间在生理上交感合和、相互联系,被称为“心肾相交”理论。心肾之间阴阳水火的升降与整个机体的阴阳升降协调统一,两者相互作用制约,以维持生命活动。心为火脏,位居上而属阳,主藏神;肾为水脏,位居下而属阴,主藏志,两者之间存在着“君火以明,相火以位”的关系。生理情况下,饮食水谷入胃,经过腐熟作用及肾气的液化作用,浊者到达膀胱,肾气进一步气化使其上交于心,若君火与相火正常相交,五脏生理功能正常运行,达到平衡的状态,小儿夜间方能及时自然清醒,主动起床排尿。

2 病因病机 2.1 心肾失交,遗溺频作

“心肾失交”通常解释为心火不降,肾阳失温;肾水不上,心阴失济[7]。小儿稚阴稚阳,“心有余,肾常不足”,若其先天不足,后天失养,下元虚寒,命门之火虚弱,肾水无法上济于心,可致心之君火偏旺,不能下降于肾,扰动神明,妄施开合之令,致遗尿频作[8];又因患儿遗尿后精神高度紧张、焦虑恐惧情绪进一步加重心阴耗伤,导致心火独亢,排尿意识受到干扰。张景岳曾提出“心属火,受水之制,故以肾为主”[9],若小儿心火亢盛,火盛神动,伤及肾水,使心肾失交,脏腑功能无法正常运行,则膀胱统摄作用减弱,发为遗尿。

2.2 脾胃受损,心肾难交

脾主升清以运化,胃主降浊以受纳,脾胃居于中焦,两者为一身气机升降之枢纽,可使“心肺之阳降,肝肾之阴升,而成天地交之泰”[10]。脾胃为气血生化之源、后天之本,有受纳腐化水谷精微的作用,上供养心主以化血脉,下充养肾精以固根本,脾气升则健,胃气降则和,脾胃升降协调是心肾交通的枢纽。《医宗金鉴》中言“脾阳苟不运,心肾必不交”,因此,若小儿饮食不节或喜寒凉之物,脾胃损伤,则中气升降失调,水火阴阳之枢机不利,致肾水不能升,心火不能降,心肾阴阳交感受阻,则可出现夜间遗尿。

2.3 肝肺失职,心肾难交

肝主疏泄,体阴而用阳,以水为母,以火为子,主疏泄一身之气机;肺居最上,为全身诸气之总司,为水之上源,主通调水道。肝升于左,肺降于右,肝肺气机的升降协调有利于调节心肾之间阴阳水火的平衡。

正如清代陈士铎言:“心欲交于肾,而肝通其气;肾欲交于心,而肝导其津,自然魂定而神安。”若小儿因食肥甘厚味或感受潮湿之邪,湿热内生,下注于肝,致肝经湿热,因肝经环结阴器,抵少腹,肝失疏泄,影响三焦通利之能,湿热下注膀胱而诱发遗尿;且小儿多因遗尿而情志失调,长期的压力致肝失疏泄,肝气有升无降,进而心火亢盛,无法下交于肾水[11]。另外,若肺虚无法通调水道,则母病及子,肾失封藏,多发遗溺;若肺气失于宣发,气机功能失调,导致小儿脑窍失灵,夜寐不易及时清醒主动排尿而多发遗溺。

3 小儿遗尿症的治疗

正如《慎斋遗书》言:“欲补心者须实肾,使肾得升;欲补肾者须宁心,使心得降乃交心肾之法也。”[12]治疗时以交通心肾为治疗大法,将调理脾胃、疏肝宣肺作为交通心肾之枢纽,并在临床治疗时运用整体思维,结合病情变化从宏观整体的角度合理配伍中药。

3.1 泻南补北,清补并用

任献青教授结合西医研究发现,膀胱储尿量达到兴奋点时,大脑皮质及中枢的功能失调而无法唤醒排尿中枢[13],与中医心肾相交之意不谋而合。若临床见小儿睡梦中尿床、难以醒悟或清醒仍意识朦胧不清,可选交泰丸加减,方中黄连、肉桂合用以奏清心安神、交通心肾之功,达清补并用、标本兼施之效。另可加予竹叶、通草、甘草等清心泻火之品;生地黄、枸杞子、菟丝子等滋补肾阴;巴戟天、附子、肉苁蓉等温补肾阳以暖下元,肾阳充盛则膀胱气化功能正常,小便通利。并嘱患儿白天切勿贪睡,不易过度劳累贪玩,并在白天多饮水,适当憋尿,夜间定点唤醒患儿排尿。

中医名家黄建业教授强调清心宁神、开窍醒神以交通心肾,临证时多选用天王补心丸加减,加予石菖蒲、益智仁、远志等开窍醒神之品安神定志,使肾气上达于心,以达成“心肾相交”“水火既济”的调和状态,收效颇佳[14]。李瑞教授强调以醒神为主,兼益肾止遗,临床常针灸通里穴配大钟穴以交通心肾,上下相济,以冀心神有主,肾亦能有所藏,常可取得良好效果[15]

3.2 健通脾胃助心肾相交

脾胃升降协调是心肾相交的必要条件。张锡纯在《伤寒论讲义·少阴病吴茱萸汤证》提出“夫心肾之所以相交者,实赖脾胃之气上下通行……黄婆者,脾胃也”。故在治疗小儿遗尿时不可单纯只顾交通心肾、补肾固脬,应注意若遗尿患儿兼见脘腹痞胀、嗳腐吞酸、不欲饮食等症状,多宗“脾(胃)主交通心肾”之意,合用保和丸加减,方中山楂、焦神曲、莱菔子等健脾消食和胃,斡旋气机,有助于沟通水火;若患儿兼见食少便溏、神疲乏力等脾气不足之症者,应注重防止损伤脾胃之气,可合用补中益气汤加减,方中黄芪、白术、党参、陈皮可奏补气健脾、升提中气之效。

3.3 清肝泻火达水火贯通

《辨证录》云:“心欲交于肾,而肝通其气;肾欲交于心,而肝导其津,自然魂定而神安。”心肾之气的正常相交,需要肝脏的阴阳之气协调通畅。陈意教授在长期的临床实践中总结出以“治肝拟童”之法交通心肾,认为儿童天性多动,若家长过于严管苛责及辱骂,易使儿童肝郁化火[16]。故临床中多合用龙胆泻肝汤加减,方中柴胡、龙胆草、黄芩、栀子、生地黄等入肝经之品泻肝经湿热;车前子、泽泻清利肝经湿热;若兼见夜间磨牙、情志不舒者,加用香附、合欢皮、薄荷等疏理肝气;若兼见夜卧不宁、多梦呓语者,加用胆南星、黄连、连翘以化痰清心;并嘱家长适当鼓励患儿,切勿打骂患儿,帮助其建立治愈疾病的信心,逐步克服焦虑、恐惧、自卑等心理。

3.4 宣发肺气使心肾交感

肝升肺降是心气与肾气相互交感的关键,其共同参与完成人体水液的正常输布。因此在治疗本病时,临床中见遗尿小儿夜寐较深、不易苏醒时,应重视肺金得复,临床可合用甘草干姜汤以达益气宣肺、温阳散寒之效,加用炙麻黄、石菖蒲宣肺醒神[17]。现代药理研究发现,麻黄碱能兴奋大脑中枢神经,使膀胱括约肌的张力增加,减少夜间遗尿次数[18-19];兼见反复感冒、神疲乏力者,加用白术、防风调节免疫;黄芪、山药归肺、脾两经,益肺养肺。

4 典型病案

患儿男性,5岁6个月。2019年9月14日初诊。主诉:间断夜间尿床2年半。刻诊:精神欠佳,形体消瘦,面色微红,遗尿每周3~5次,多睡眠较沉,不易唤醒,梦中遗尿,醒后方觉,白天小便次多而量少,手足冰凉,平素因遗尿自卑情绪明显,少言寡语,纳少,眠欠安,磨牙,记忆力较差,舌尖红苔薄,脉沉细。中医诊断:小儿遗尿症,心肾不交证。治当安神固脬,交通心肾。予交泰丸合桑螵蛸散加减:黄连6 g,肉桂3 g,桑螵蛸10 g,石菖蒲10 g,远志10 g,覆盆子20 g,菟丝子10 g,桑寄生20 g,益智仁10 g,熟地黄10 g,蜜麻黄6 g,白术10 g,鸡内金10 g,炙甘草6 g。10剂,水煎服,每日1剂,早晚分服,并嘱患儿睡前少饮水,排空膀胱,白天不要过于兴奋劳累。

2诊(2019年9月24日):服药期间患儿出现2次遗尿,夜间可唤醒,偶可主动醒来排尿,手足冰凉症状明显好转,仍有肝郁之象,故上方增香附10 g,白芍6 g,继服10剂。

3诊(2019年10月4日):服药后未再尿床,一切尚可,遂将此方继服半个月,以进一步巩固疗效。后随访半年,未复发。

按语:方中黄连与肉桂取自交泰丸,其中黄连苦寒,清心泻火解毒;肉桂辛热,防苦寒有余,补火助阳、引火归元。两者一阴一阳,一清一温,水火相交。因患儿夜尿频繁,菟丝子、桑寄生、覆盆子、益智仁、桑螵蛸配伍可补益肝肾、固精缩尿;蜜麻黄、远志、石菖蒲交通心肾、宣肺开窍醒神;熟地黄甘温,补肾滋阴、益精填髓;白术、鸡内金消食化积、健脾益气和胃;炙甘草调和诸药。本方诸药相合既能补肾止遗、固脬止遗、宁心安神,又能顾护脾胃、疏肝补肺,共奏心肾双补、交通上下、水火共济之效。2诊时患儿遗尿次数较前明显减少,仍有肝郁之象,故在原方的基础上加香附疏肝理气、白芍养血敛阴。3诊仍遵此方巩固治疗,调理半个月后效果明显。

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