文章信息
- 陈子豪, 贺爽, 赵芳哲, 范斯文, 张雷, 杨鑫月, 李珊, 朱彦
- CHEN Zihao, HE Shuang, ZHAO Fangzhe, FAN Siwen, ZHANG Lei, YANG Xinyue, LI Shan, ZHU Yan
- 糖尿病心力衰竭中的血管新生作用——中医药治疗糖尿病心肌病的潜在靶点
- The role of angiogenesis in diabetic heart failure: a potential target for Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy
- 天津中医药大学学报, 2023, 42(1): 113-120
- Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 42(1): 113-120
- http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2023.01.21
-
文章历史
收稿日期: 2022-10-22
2. 天津国际生物医药联合研究院, 中药新药研发中心, 天津 300457
2. Tianjin International Joint Institute of Biomedicine, Center for New Drug Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China
糖尿病和心力衰竭是全球流行性疾病,大量数据表明两者密切相关,糖尿病患者发生心力衰竭的风险是非糖尿病患者的2~5倍。同时,在射血分数降低的心力衰竭患者中糖尿病的患病率较高[1]。英国的前瞻性糖尿病研究观察分析显示心血管并发症与血糖控制之间存在关联,糖基化血红蛋白每降低1%,心力衰竭风险降低16%[2]。研究表明糖尿病患者的心肌组织毛细血管密度明显低于非糖尿病患者。与野生型同窝仔猪相比,转基因糖尿病猪的心脏组织中毛细血管密度和血管完整性降低,心脏的纤维化显著增加,心脏射血分数和收缩功能降低,左心室舒张末期压力升高[3]。微血管功能不全是导致糖尿病心力衰竭发生和恶化的一个重要因素,越来越多的证据表明慢性缺血导致的血管生成受损使心肌灌注减少,最终导致间质纤维化、组织损伤和心力衰竭。因此,控制血糖的同时促进心肌血管生成,改善微循环功能已成为糖尿病心力衰竭的潜在治疗方法[4]。单一作用机制的药物难以满足患者的各项指标控制需求,中药的组方配伍能够针对糖尿病心力衰竭的病机作用于多个靶点,在综合治疗方面具有一定优势。已有临床研究结果表明,一些中成药能够有效控制糖尿病心力衰竭患者的血糖,调节脂质代谢,同时有效改善心功能[5]。心脏血管形成在适应性心肌肥大向心力衰竭的转变中起着重要作用,调节心脏血管生成已成为改善心脏血管病变转向心力衰竭的新希望[6]。因此,本文采用Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(IPA)生物分析软件分析糖尿病心力衰竭和血管新生之间的相关性,同时综述临床使用频次较高的可以通过调节血管新生治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的中药,试图为中成药用于糖尿病心力衰竭的治疗提供新的理论依据,也有望对开发“标本兼治”的治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的复方药物提供新思路。
1 血管新生与糖尿病心肌病之间的相关性血糖得到有效控制的糖尿病患者心脏出现舒张障碍的几率明显降低,反之,当血糖升高或胰岛素抵抗增加时,心脏舒张功能障碍出现的几率随之增加[6]。研究表明高血糖导致冠状动脉微血管内皮功能障碍,进一步导致心力衰竭。心力衰竭过程中促血管生成因子的表达降低,而抑制血管生成因子的表达上升,从而使心脏毛细血管密度降低,导致心脏收缩功能障碍[7]。
为了进一步从血管新生方向找到治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的潜在可能,首先在IPA生物分析软件中分别以糖尿病并发症、心力衰竭为关键词进行靶点检索,将搜索到的靶点与糖尿病并发症、心力衰竭进行“Path Explorer”作用关系分析,得到与两者均有相关性的靶点,见图 1A。然后与血管新生进行“Path Explorer”作用关系分析,筛选出与血管新生相关联的靶点,见图 1B。结果表明两者的公共靶点大部分与血管新生相关联,药物可以通过调节血管新生的方式治疗糖尿病心力衰竭,并且在相关基础实验研究中可以找到中药活性成分治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的靶标(如图 1中所示黄色的靶点对应表 1中作用机制的靶标)。例如,图中的黄色治疗靶点——血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是心脏血管生成的主要调节因子,心肌细胞是其来源与靶标,VEGF同时作用于心肌细胞与内皮细胞,高血糖环境下VEGF显著减少,干扰心肌细胞与内皮细胞间的交流,促使心肌血管生成受损,逐渐发展为缺血性疾病和心力衰竭[8]。药物增加VEGF的表达,能够促进内皮细胞的迁移、血管形成,保护内皮细胞,缓解高血糖引起的血管生成受损[9]。同时靶向心肌细胞表面上的两种酪氨酸激酶受体——VEGF受体1(VEGFR1)与VEGF受体2(VEGFR2)能够减少细胞凋亡,增加血管舒张力和心脏的收缩能力,防止糖尿病心力衰竭的产生[8]。沉默调节蛋白1(SIRT1)属于对心脏代谢有益的沉默调节蛋白(sirtuin)家族,可以调控心脏中的血糖稳态并调节肝脏脂质代谢,降低机体的胆固醇水平。SIRT1也是血管生成的关键调节因子,体外研究表明,SIRT1敲除可导致VEGF受体重组人血管内皮生长因子受体1(FLT1)和重组人血管内皮生长因子受体2(FLK2)表达降低从而使内皮细胞的血管生成减少。在体内实验方面,药物通过增加心肌梗死模型大鼠体内SIRT1的活性,可上调促进血管生成因子并增加毛细血管密度,最终改善心脏功能[10]。此外,这些治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的靶标间存在相互作用可以调节血管新生。例如,蛋白酪氨酸激酶2(JAK2)/转录激活因子3(STAT3)通路在血管生成中起重要作用,STAT3对于细胞存活有着重要意义,心肌细胞中的STAT3缺失导致左心室毛细血管化减少,激活JAK2/STAT3通路与细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)1/2可以调节内皮细胞中内皮型一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)磷酸化,进一步促进产生一氧化氮(NO)可提升内皮细胞功能,促进血管新生[11-12]。B淋巴细胞瘤2(Bcl2)是一种抗凋亡蛋白,同时激活Bcl2和血管内皮细胞生长因子A(VEGFA)可以显著减少细胞凋亡并促进血管新生[13-14]。缺氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)是多种血管生成因子的关键转录调节因子,可以刺激产生内源性所需的血管生成生长因子,一旦被激活,HIF-1就会调节一系列关键的血管生成基因,包括VEGF,促进HIF-1可以同时增加VEGF的产生促进血管新生[15-16]。细胞内磷脂酰肌醇激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)通路中,在VEGF与内皮细胞上的相应受体结合的同时,PI3K通路被激活,它可以促进内皮细胞迁移、提高血管形成能力和增加血管的通透性,激活PI3K/Akt通路能上调VEGF和存活蛋白,他们能够保护内皮细胞免受药物诱导的凋亡,该通路还可以增加eNOS磷酸化提升NO的产量诱导血管生成[16]。
2 中药通过调节血管新生治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的潜在机制 2.1 中医治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的原则及方法糖尿病心力衰竭在中医属于消渴病范畴,根据其心悸、胸痛等临床表现也可以将其纳入心病范畴[17],糖尿病心力衰竭是复合病证,与消渴合并痰饮、水肿、喘证、心悸等相关[17]。中医认为先天禀赋不足,加之情志失调、饮食不节、过度饮酒是导致消渴形成的重要原因;对于心力衰竭,中医表明血脉不通、心阳不足可促使心力衰竭水肿、心悸形成[18]。
中医认为消渴病日久,缠绵难愈,邪自内生,循络而行,耗气伤阴,损阴伤阳,致脏腑亏损,阴阳气血失调。心主血脉,心阳不振,不能推动血液运行,或心气不足,日久心脉痹阻,瘀血凝滞,即为消渴病心病。基于中医理论,“血行不畅而成瘀”为消渴病心病的重要病机,以“益气活血”为原则治疗具有良好的临床疗效[19]。
2.2 中药调节血管生成治疗糖尿病心力衰竭杨艳等[20]和郭建波等[21]基于中医传承辅助平台软件,分别统计了治疗糖尿病的73个上市中成药和120个用于治疗心力衰竭的中药复方,采用频数统计、关联规则等方法进行分析,结果显示治疗糖尿病的用药核心为黄芪、生地黄、天花粉、麦冬、葛根、枸杞子、黄连、五味子等[14],治疗心力衰竭的用药核心为黄芪、丹参、茯苓、葶苈子、白术、桂枝、当归等,常用药对为丹参-黄芪等[21]。
中医药治疗心血管疾病历史悠久且经验丰富。络脉是中医理论与血管相关的表述之一,其中络是脉的细小分支,即西医中的微血管,脉络在机体内可运行气血,滋养体内的各个器官,在消渴病心病患者的心脏中微血管数目减少、分布稀疏、直径减少[22-23],这与络脉受损导致气血运行受阻不能濡养脏器有关,会引起心肌梗死、心力衰竭等心脑血管疾病的发生。通络是主要的治疗方法,因此临床治疗多选用补气养血、活血化瘀类的中药,结合消渴病心病的病机与统计发现治疗糖尿病与心力衰竭的核心药物包括黄芪、生地黄、丹参、人参、麦冬等[20-21],可发现这些核心药物大部分以益气活血化瘀为主。基础研究发现黄芪、生地黄、麦冬、丹参、人参所含的活性成分在有效降低血糖的同时,能够调节血管新生,达到治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的作用,见表 1。这些核心药物与其他中药配伍所制成的中成药(见表 2),能够降低血液黏度、保护内皮细胞、增加脏器气血、滋养脉络、稳定脉络平衡等,以此除瘀热,促进气血运行,通心脉达到治疗疾病的目的[24-25]。
将临床上一些用于治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的中成药进行归纳总结,发现大多数复方均含有益气活血化瘀类中药,且这些中成药的君药大多是上述在基础研究中发现的可以同时调节血糖与血管新生的黄芪、麦冬、丹参、人参[26-34],见表 2。这些中成药可能存在通过调节血管新生治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的潜在机制。值得注意的是,具有活血化瘀功能的复方中药和天然产物对糖尿病心血管病存在双向调节作用[35-36]。如课题组前期研究发现由丹参、红花组成的丹红注射液在糖尿病侧肢缺血模型中能够促进血管新生[37-38],但在糖尿病肾病和眼病模型中抑制血管新生[39]。复方中药的这种器官特异性靶向效应有可能在糖尿病心力衰竭的辨证论治中发挥重要作用。
3 总结与展望糖尿病已经成为全球性流行病,其血管并发症给患者带来极大困扰。糖尿病心力衰竭增加了患者的病死率,人们越来越关注中药对于糖尿病血管并发症的治疗作用。中医从整体出发,采用辨证论治理论进行治疗,中药的整体性、多成分、多靶点、多途径和多部位协同作用是治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的优势所在。本文对临床上用于治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的中成药进行总结,发现一些中药在降低血糖的同时可以调节血管生成,达到改善心功能的作用。因此,从中药中寻找以调节血管生成为靶点治疗糖尿病心力衰竭的药物极具开发潜力。
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