天津中医药大学学报  2023, Vol. 42 Issue (4): 529-533

文章信息

刘耀远, 吕玲, 李霄, 熊可, 金鑫瑶, 黄明
LIU Yaoyuan, LYU Ling, LI Xiao, XIONG Ke, JIN Xinyao, HUANG Ming
试从薛雪《湿热病篇》浅析新型冠状病毒感染临证要点
Analyzing the key points of diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 based on XUE Xue's Chapter on Damp-Heat
天津中医药大学学报, 2023, 42(4): 529-533
Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 42(4): 529-533
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2023.04.20

文章历史

收稿日期: 2023-03-01
试从薛雪《湿热病篇》浅析新型冠状病毒感染临证要点
刘耀远1 , 吕玲2 , 李霄3,4 , 熊可3 , 金鑫瑶3 , 黄明3,4     
1. 天津中医药大学第一附属医院, 国家中医针灸临床研究中心, 天津 300381;
2. 首都医科大学附属北京中医医院顺义医院, 北京 101399;
3. 天津中医药大学, 天津 301617;
4. 组分中药国家重点实验室, 天津 301617
摘要: 湿毒疫学说认为: 湿毒郁肺是新型冠状病毒感染(以下简称"新冠感染")的核心病机, 传变迅速、传染性强、易于流行是其致病特征, 兼夹风、热、寒、燥等邪毒是其病机要点。该学说较为全面地反映了新冠感染各期的临床特征, 为新冠感染的中医防治提供了理论依据。《湿热病篇》是中医疫病学的重要著作, 其内容对新冠感染的中医治疗具有指导意义。文章从新冠感染的临床表现和湿毒疫学说入手, 结合《湿热病篇》学术思想, 浅析新冠感染的临床特点和证治要点, 为新冠感染的中医诊疗提供参考。
关键词: 新型冠状病毒感染    湿毒疫    湿热病篇    薛雪    
Analyzing the key points of diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 based on XUE Xue's Chapter on Damp-Heat
LIU Yaoyuan1 , LYU Ling2 , LI Xiao3,4 , XIONG Ke3 , JIN Xinyao3 , HUANG Ming3,4     
1. National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Tanjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China;
2. Shunyi Hospital, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 101399, China;
3. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
4. State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301608, China
Abstract: According to the theory of "dampness-toxicity plagues", damp toxin depressing the lung is the core pathogenesis of COVID-19. The pathogenic characteristics of COVID-19 are that the disease is rapidly changing, highly infectious and easy to cause epidemics. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 include wind, heat, cold and dryness. The theory comprehensively reflects the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Chapter on Damp-Heat is an important part of the theory of epidemic disease prevention and treatment in TCM, which has guiding significance for the treatment of COVID-19 in TCM. Starting with the clinical manifestation of COVID-19 and the theory of "dampness-toxicity plagues", combined with the academic thought of Chapter on Damp-Heat, this paper analyzes the clinical characteristics and key points of syndrome and treatment of COVID-19, so as to provide reference for the TCM diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.
Key words: COVID-19    dampness-toxicity plagues    Chapter on Damp-Heat    XUE Xue    

新型冠状病毒感染(以下简称“新冠感染”)属中医学“疫病”范畴。中医学对疫病的防治历经数千年的发展,已形成较为完备的理论体系。自“新冠肺炎疫情”暴发以来,中医药全过程、全人群介入疫情防控,在疫情的防治和康复工作中发挥了重要作用[1-2]。疫情初起时,学界虽对新冠感染认识不一,涌现出寒湿疫[3]、湿热疫[4]及寒温并存[5]等不同观点,但均认为湿毒是该病的证候要素[6]。历经两年多,数十场疫情的较大规模中医证候调查以及对新冠感染临床特点和演变规律认识的不断深入,业内已共识其为湿毒疫[7-8]。湿毒疫学说认为:湿毒郁肺是新冠感染的核心病机;传变迅速、传染性强、易于流行是新冠感染的致病特点;兼夹风、热、寒、燥等邪毒是新冠感染的临床特点;兼夹邪毒因气候、地域、体质等因素的不同而复杂多变[9-12]

中医疫病学形成于战国至两汉时期,《黄帝内经》《伤寒杂病论》等著作的问世,标志着中医疫病学理论体系的形成。中医疫病学在汉代以后不断发展,时至明清,首部疫病专著《温疫论》的问世和温病学派的兴起,标志着中医疫病学的深入发展。《湿热病篇》系清代温病大家薛雪所作,是首部专论湿热病的著作。全篇以湿邪为中心,贯穿全书的辨治体系;不同病邪与湿相合,变化多端,构成了湿热病的类证或变证[13]。除了讨论湿热病以外,篇中不乏对夹寒、夹风、夹燥等兼证,痉厥、昏谵等变证,以及邪气未尽之余证的证治。由于新冠感染具有湿毒为患、邪毒兼夹、复杂多变、后遗症状等临床特点,故《湿热病篇》对于新冠感染的诊治具有指导意义。文章上溯《湿热病篇》,从新冠感染的临床特征和湿毒疫学说入手,以期为新冠感染的中医诊疗提供理论参考。

1 新冠感染的临床特点 1.1 湿毒黏腻停滞,病情隐缓缠绵

新冠感染由湿毒所致,以湿邪为证候要素之首。新冠感染起病隐匿、潜伏期长,部分感染者可无明显临床表现,称“无症状感染者”,符合湿邪伤人隐缓不觉的致病特点。呼吸道飞沫传播和密切接触传播是新冠感染的主要传播途径,此为湿毒之邪从口鼻而入,侵犯人体。“从表伤者十之一二,由口鼻入者十之八九。”[14]《湿热病篇》云:“太阴内伤,湿饮停聚,客邪再至,内外相引,故病湿热。”湿热病往往由内湿停聚、复感外湿而发病。如此看来,人群虽然对于新冠病毒普遍易感,但内外湿邪相引为患是其发病机制。“若湿热之证不挟内伤,中气实者其病必微。”患者病情之轻重与其体质之偏颇、正气之强弱也有密切的关系。故在诊治新冠感染患者时,应当据症明辨其内伤外感之多少、病情阶段之虚实。另外,湿邪致病,缠绵难愈,虽大部分患者转阴时间并不长,但有研究表明,近40%~70%的患者遗留有各种持续症状[15];部分患者病程较长,持续不转阴,称为“常阳”;更有部分患者核酸检测转阴后又可出现“复阳”现象,均体现了湿性黏滞的致病特点。

1.2 邪犯太阴肺经,兼及脾胃心肾

新冠感染病位在肺,与脾胃关系密切,严重者可累及心肾。《湿热病篇》有言:“中气实则病在阳明,中气虚则病在太阴”,其首发症状以发热、咳嗽等肺系症状为主,也可出现纳差、腹泻等脾胃系症状[16-18]。而“太阴之表四肢也、阳明也,阳明之表肌肉也、胸中也,故胸痞为湿热必有之证,四肢倦怠,肌肉烦疼,亦必并见。”新冠感染各型患者出现的胸闷、乏力、倦怠、身痛等症均为肺和脾胃受病之表现,体现了湿性重浊的致病特点。危重型患者出现的呼吸衰竭、休克、多器官功能衰竭等多属《湿热病篇》邪灼心包、湿中少阴之列,为病邪累及心肾所致。

2 新冠感染的证治要点 2.1 判明预后顺逆,先期截断病势

《湿热病篇》通过对疾病正局、变局的辨别,以明确判断预后之顺逆。如太阴、阳明受病,出现“始恶寒,后但热不寒,汗出胸痞,舌白,口渴不引饮”等湿邪困阻中焦之证为病之正局,预后较好;而病至厥阴、少阳,波及全身,出现“耳聋、干呕、发痉、发厥”等症,病情复杂,则为病之变局,预后不良[19-20]。对于新冠感染而言,亦应明判患者预后之顺逆:多数患者属轻型或中型病例,症状较轻,预后较好;少数患者属重型或危重型病例,病情危重,预后不良[21]。两者病机不同,预后迥异,准确把握疾病的进展及预后,有助于先证而治、截断病势,以降低患者的转重率和病死率。新冠感染轻型和中型患者,多属病在上中二焦及卫分、气分,以发热、咳嗽、乏力等症为主要临床表现,据其病位病性之不同,治以宣透、芳化、清热等法,以尽早扭转病势,防止湿毒进一步传变;重型患者可在一周之内迅速出现呼吸困难和低氧血症,此为湿毒闭肺之证,故据证治以祛湿、解毒、通腑等法,防止其向危重症发展;危重型患者,出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒症休克、难以纠正的代谢性酸中毒、出凝血功能障碍、多器官功能衰竭等急危重症,此为邪犯心肾之证,当治以开窍、益气、固脱等法[22-23],行中西医结合治疗,尽可能挽救患者生命。

2.2 湿毒易阻气机,务求三焦辨治

新冠感染由湿毒所致,故将祛湿摆在治疗的首要位置。湿毒致病,最易阻滞气机。湿在气分,除造成中焦气机阻滞以外,还可蒙上、流下,导致三焦气机之不畅[24]。新冠感染除累及肺脏外,还可累及脾脏、心脏、肝脏、肾脏及其他器官[14],呈现出上、中、下三焦及多脏腑传变的特点。《湿热病篇》以三焦分治湿热病的思路颇具创见[25],对新冠感染的治疗具有指导意义,兹列述于下。

湿毒蒙扰上焦,肺气不舒,见发热、咳嗽、胸闷、口渴者,可用宣气化湿之法,选用麻黄、苦杏仁、淡豆豉、桔梗等轻宣之品;咳嗽剧烈,呼吸困难者,则为邪滞肺络,肺气不得宣肃所致,宜用葶苈子、桑叶、枇杷叶等清泻之品。“邪由上受,直趋中道,故病多归膜原”,若湿毒侵袭半表半里之膜原,见寒热交替或寒热起伏,舌苔垢腻或苔如积粉等秽浊邪毒内伏膜原之证,当以达原饮治之,或用辛香燥烈之藿香、苍术、厚朴、草果、苍术、半夏、石菖蒲、蚕沙等味,以透达膜原、辟秽化浊。湿毒流于下焦,可导致膀胱气化不利、小肠泌别失职及大肠传导失司,见小便不利、大便溏稀等症。“治湿不利小便,非其治也。”此证当分利水湿,可用萆薢、通草、滑石、茯苓、泽泻、薏苡仁等味,利其小便而实其大便,使湿毒之邪从小便而去。

《新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)》推荐宣肺败毒方用于新冠感染湿毒郁肺证的治疗[14]。该方的药物组成体现了三焦辨治湿毒的思想:方中麻黄、苦杏仁、青蒿轻宣其湿,化橘红理气燥湿,藿香、苍术芳化其湿,薏苡仁渗利其湿,葶苈子泻肺利水。全方组方严谨、用药精当,在新冠感染患者的治疗过程中疗效显著。

2.3 湿毒多有兼夹,随证分而治之

兼夹风、热、寒、燥等邪毒是新冠感染的临床特点,兼夹邪毒的种类因气候、地域、体质等因素的不同而复杂多变。证候学调查表明:新冠感染中医证候在岭南、江浙一带多兼夹热邪,中南地区多兼夹寒邪,西北地区多兼夹燥邪,部分地区呈现出兼夹风邪的现象。根据近两年的观察,兼夹邪毒虽小有变化,但总的趋势相对稳定。《湿热病篇》中有关湿邪夹热、夹寒、夹燥、夹风等兼夹证的讨论,对新冠感染邪毒兼夹诸证的诊治具有参考价值[13],现结合新冠感染的临床表现分述于下。

2.3.1 湿毒夹热

湿毒夹热者,可有湿重于热、热重于湿之不同。湿重于热者,表现为头身困重、胸闷脘痞、大便溏垢、苔腻微黄、脉象濡数等症,可将宣湿、化湿、燥湿、利湿四法同用,如用苦杏仁、桔梗以宣湿,藿香、佩兰以化湿,苍术、厚朴以燥湿,滑石、车前草以利湿。热重于湿者,表现为壮热口渴、口干而苦、便秘溲赤、舌苔黄腻、脉象弦数等症,则以清热为主,燥湿为次,可与白虎加苍术汤以治之。

2.3.2 湿毒夹寒

湿毒夹寒者,有寒湿在表、寒湿在里之别。寒湿在表者,表现为恶寒发热、关节疼痛、肌肉酸楚、舌苔薄腻、脉象浮紧等症,当治以除湿散寒之法,可用藿香正气散、胃苓汤等;寒湿在里,伤及脾阳者,以畏寒喜暖、恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻、舌淡苔白、脉象迟缓为主要表现,当治以温运脾阳、利气散寒之法,方用缩脾饮、大顺散之类;寒湿在里,伤及肾阳者,以形寒肢冷、腰膝酸软、舌淡苔白、脉象沉细为主要表现,当治以补气助阳之法,方用附子理中丸之类。

2.3.3 湿毒夹风

湿毒夹风者,有兼夹外风与兼夹内风之别。湿毒兼夹外风,表现为恶风发热、头痛身重、汗出不畅等症,故应在祛湿的同时兼用祛风之羌活、防风、紫苏叶等味,以风湿俱去为治疗目的。《湿热病篇》有言:“风为木之气,风动则木张。”因而湿毒与内风相兼夹,可表现为肢体颤动、手足拘挛等症,故应在祛湿的同时兼以平息内风之法,可在祛湿药物的基础上加用秦艽、威灵仙、海风藤、地龙等味,以求搜风通络之效[26]

2.3.4 湿毒夹燥

湿毒夹燥,使部分新冠感染患者的病证呈现出“燥湿相兼”的特点,轻症者仅表现为头痛便秘、口舌干燥、舌红少津等症,可使用沙参、麦冬、玉竹等甘寒护津之品;重症则可表现为阳明里结,或波及厥阴,其中燥热闭结肠胃,症见大便不通、舌苔干黄起刺或焦黑者,可用承气汤法急下存阴;燥热阴伤,津枯邪滞,症见口渴、昏谵者,则须润下以祛邪,可用生地黄、芦根、何首乌等味以求润下之效。

2.4 肃清留滞余邪,注重瘥后防复

研究显示:新冠感染常见的后遗症包括持续性疲劳(39%~73%)、呼吸困难(39%~74%)、生活质量下降(44%~69%)、肺功能受损、肺功能异常或肺纤维化(39%~83%)、心肌炎(3%~26%)、神经系统症状(55%)以及嗅觉和味觉功能障碍(33%~36%)等[15],临床常表现为疲倦、口干、失眠、胸闷、腹胀、纳差、自汗、咳嗽、身痛、四肢关节痛等症。其中,疲倦、胸闷、腹胀、纳差、咳嗽等症,为余邪蒙蔽,清阳不升之证,当治以宣上焦阳气之法,可用薛氏五叶芦根汤;口干、自汗、身痛、四肢关节痛等症,为余邪留滞、气阴两虚之证,可兼用养阴与祛湿之法,如生脉散之类;失眠、惊悸、焦虑、抑郁等症,为余邪未尽、心神不安之证,当治以祛湿兼安神之法。恢复期患者正气不足、卫外不固,易于感受外邪。因此在治疗时,一方面要注重益卫固表,以使正气存内;另一方面要嘱患者适时增减衣物,以避虚邪贼风。恢复期患者脾胃运化机能尚未复原,饮食不节则易于食复,应嘱患者食饮有节,逐渐增加食量。此外,恢复期患者还易于劳复,应嘱患者适量运动,避免劳倦过度。

3 结语

综上所述,新冠感染传变迅速的特点决定了治疗过程中先期截断病势的重要性,其湿毒郁肺的核心病机决定了三焦辨治湿毒的首要性,兼夹邪毒复杂多变的临床特点决定了随证分治兼夹邪毒的必要性。《湿热病篇》是中医疫病学理论的源头活水,对新冠感染的临证辨治具有指导意义。通过挖掘《湿热病篇》的学术思想,阐释了新冠感染的临床特点和证治要点,以期为新冠感染的中医诊疗提供参考。

致谢 本文承蒙张伯礼教授审修,在此表示衷心感谢!

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