文章信息
- 张亚平, 单鲁豫, 穆琦瑄, 李文慧, 王丹妮, 王跃飞, 于卉娟
- ZHANG Yaping, SHAN Luyu, MU Qixuan, LI Wenhui, WANG Danni, WANG Yuefei, YU Huijuan
- 黄曲霉毒素富集-检测-降解解毒方法的研究进展
- Research progress of aflatoxin enrichment, detection, degradation and detoxification methods
- 天津中医药大学学报, 2023, 42(5): 656-663
- Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 42(5): 656-663
- http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2023.05.18
-
文章历史
收稿日期: 2023-06-11
中医药是中华民族的瑰宝,为中华民族繁衍生息作出了巨大贡献。国家药品监管部门、产业界、科研界高度重视中药中有害物质的防控及检测,如黄曲霉毒素、硫磺、重金属等。2021年6月,国家中药材标准化与质量评估创新联盟成立,聚焦高质量中药材的加工、生产、流通环节,提出“三无一全”(无硫磺加工、无黄曲霉毒素超标、无公害、全过程可追溯)优质药材品牌理念,进一步促进高质量中药材市场供给。中药材有害菌污染是影响中药材质量的重要方面,其中黄曲霉菌极易侵染中药材,其代谢产物黄曲霉毒素具有剧毒性和致癌性,严重影响临床用药安全[1-2]。此外,黄曲霉毒素也存在于发霉的粮食、豆类、坚果及其相关食品中。
黄曲霉毒素主要是由黄曲霉菌(Aspergillus flavus)和寄生曲霉菌(Aspergillus parasiticus)在潮湿温热环境下产生的毒性次级代谢产物,是二氢呋喃香豆素化合物及其衍生物[3]。目前已发现20多种黄曲霉毒素,其中AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2、AFM1等毒素已被分离鉴定,根据化学结构主要划分为环戊烯酮型和内酯型[4](表 1)。AFB1是已知黄曲霉毒素中毒性最强的化合物,其毒性约是氰化钾的10倍、砒霜的68倍[5],被世界卫生组织列为Ⅰ类致癌物[6]。AFB1结构中存在3个毒性位点[7]:1)呋喃环上的双键(C8-C9)是黄曲霉毒素与蛋白质或核酸形成复合物的作用位点,是导致基因突变、致癌致畸的主要基团。2)香豆素内酯环上的10、11、15号位点。3)环戊烯酮环上的1、2、3、14号位点,这部分位点易被取代基团取代。长期暴露于黄曲霉毒素下会导致机体免疫抑制、先天畸形、不孕不育、内分泌紊乱、肝细胞癌变等[8]。
黄曲霉毒素严重危害人类健康,国家药典委员会强调,药品微生物检查是药品安全性控制的重要研究内容。《中华人民共和国药典》对中药检测黄曲霉毒素的要求日趋严格,从2010年版的5种药材增加到2020年版的24种,涵盖根茎类、果实种子类和动物类药材,检测限度为AFB1不得超过5 μg/kg,AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2的总量不得超过10 μg/kg[9-11]。科学有效地防控黄曲霉毒素侵染中药对提升中药临床用药安全具有重要意义。目前,中药中黄曲霉毒素的富集、检测及降解解毒方法研究较多,为了更好地为中药中黄曲霉毒素的研究提供参考,本文综述了近年来黄曲霉毒素的富集方法、检测分析技术、降解解毒方法的研究进展(图 1)。
1 黄曲霉毒素的富集方法由于中药样品基质复杂且黄曲霉毒素含量较低,因此,在进行分析检测前需采取适当的样品前处理方法进行提取、富集[12]。关于黄曲霉毒素的提取方法主要有振摇提取法、超声提取法、高速均质提取法、加速溶剂萃取法等。常用的黄曲霉毒素纯化方法主要有萃取法、柱净化法、免疫亲和层析法、基质固相分散法、分子印迹固相萃取法等,新技术与新方法的应用能够特异性富集目标化合物[13]。表 2总结了黄曲霉毒素的富集方法及其基本原理、优势、应用实例[14-26]。
2 黄曲霉毒素的检测方法黄曲霉毒素在人体或动物体内长期蓄积会导致肝毒性、致畸、致癌[27-28]。因此,建立高效、灵敏的黄曲霉毒素检测方法对保障药品和食品安全至关重要。黄曲霉毒素的传统检测方法有薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法等。色谱法具有检测结果准确、灵敏度高、重复性好等优点,同时也存在样品前期处理复杂、需要专业的检测人员等局限性[13]。免疫分析法是用于快速检验的新技术,其原理是抗原-抗体特异性识别目标分析物,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、高通量等优点[29]。酶联免疫吸附法广泛应用于中药中黄曲霉毒素的检测,被收载为《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版中黄曲霉毒素测定的方法之一[11]。侧流免疫层析法、胶体金免疫层析法、化学发光免疫法、荧光免疫吸附法等可实现样品中黄曲霉毒素的现场快速检测[30-31]。近年来,基于适配体和新型纳米材料的生物传感器因具有灵敏度高、检出限低、操作简便等优势,在黄曲霉毒素检测中得到了广泛应用[32]。此外,通过引入基于适配体的不同技术实现AFB1的检测,例如电化学、表面等离子体共振、比色法等[33]。表 3对黄曲霉毒素检测方法进行了分析[34-42]。
3 黄曲霉毒素的降解方法黄曲霉毒素对光和热稳定,不溶于水。中药被其侵染后脱除困难,建立有效脱除黄曲霉毒素的方法对保障中药、食品安全意义重大。常用的黄曲霉毒素降解方法有物理法、化学法、生物法(图 2)[43]。表 4对黄曲霉毒素的降解方法进行了分析。
物理方法主要采用加热、辐照、吸附剂吸附、超声等方式降低黄曲霉毒素的浓度。高温破坏毒素位点达到脱毒目的,但同时会影响中药品质,容易造成成分降解等[43-44]。吸附剂与黄曲霉毒素结合可以有效脱除黄曲霉毒素,常用的吸附剂有叶绿素、氧化磁性石墨烯和磁性石墨烯的纳米材料、黏土等[45-46]。超声降解是一种安全绿色的黄曲霉毒素脱毒方法,一般作为辅助手段与其他方法协同使用[47]。
化学方法是指采用化学试剂降解黄曲霉毒素或抑制霉菌滋生[48],主要包括有机酸法、臭氧降解法、氨化脱毒法[49]。有机酸对AFB1具有明显的降解作用[50],如柠檬酸、丙酸、苯甲酸、酒石酸等。臭氧可降解真菌毒素并抑制微生物增殖,对环境危害较小,被誉为“绿色因子”,但其本身作为强氧化剂会破坏基质中的营养物质[51]。氨化脱毒是指利用氨水处理或氨气熏蒸等方式改变黄曲霉毒素的化学结构,达到降低毒性的目的,但摄入过量的氨气会造成机体损伤[52]。微生物降解霉菌毒素是近年来研究较为广泛的一种脱毒方式,利用微生物自身的代谢体系改变黄曲霉毒素的化学结构,使之转化为其他化学衍生物,达到消除毒性或降低毒性的目的,是一种安全、高效、绿色的脱毒方式。荧光假单胞菌、鳗败血假单胞菌、葡萄球菌等菌株可有效降解黄曲霉毒素。生物酶降解是微生物降解的有效补充,通过破坏黄曲霉毒素的毒性基团降低其毒性,具有特异性强、高效性、反应条件温和等特点。红球菌[53]、枯草芽孢杆菌[54]、黑曲霉[55]等多种真菌和细菌的代谢酶能有效降解黄曲霉毒素[56-57]。
目前,关于黄曲霉毒素降解方法的研究取得了较大进展,每种降解方法都有其独特的优势[58-66],可以综合利用多元协同技术达到除去黄曲霉毒素的效果,提高其在不同研究对象中的适用性。探索绿色、环保、安全的整合降解黄曲霉毒素技术将成为未来研究的主流和重点。
4 结语黄曲霉毒素毒性极强,容易污染中药及食品,对人类健康构成严重危害。本文综述了近年来黄曲霉毒素的富集方法、检测技术及降解脱毒方法。由于黄曲霉毒素具有含量低、毒性大的特点,开发出更灵敏、更快速、更经济的检测手段具有重大迫切需求。黄曲霉毒素的早检测、早预防、早干预是有效解决黄曲霉毒素危害性的重要措施。
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