天津中医药大学学报  2023, Vol. 42 Issue (6): 686-691

文章信息

赵鸿芳, 王淼, 赵会, 朱艳
ZHAO Hongfang, WANG Miao, ZHAO Hui, ZHU Yan
不同证型类风湿关节炎患者血清Ca2+水平相关性研究
Correlational research of serum calcium levels in RA patients with different traditional Chinese medicine syndromes
天津中医药大学学报, 2023, 42(6): 686-691
Journal of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 42(6): 686-691
http://dx.doi.org/10.11656/j.issn.1673-9043.2023.06.02

文章历史

收稿日期: 2023-08-08
不同证型类风湿关节炎患者血清Ca2+水平相关性研究
赵鸿芳1 , 王淼1 , 赵会1 , 朱艳2     
1. 安徽中医药大学, 合肥 230012;
2. 安徽中医药大学第二附属医院老年病一科, 合肥 230061
摘要: [目的] 探究类风湿关节炎(RA)患者血清Ca2+水平与疾病活动的相关性及在不同中医证型中分布规律。[方法] 实验为1项回顾性研究, 纳入2020年10月至2022年10月本院门诊及住院的RA患者160例为研究组, 并选取在本院体检中心行常规体检的健康人群160例作为健康对照组(HC组), 比较两组血清Ca2+水平差异。研究组中根据中医辨证分型为痰瘀痹阻证组、寒湿痹阻证组、湿热痹阻证组、肝肾亏虚证组4组, 比较各证型组血清Ca2+水平差异。以Spearman相关性分析研究RA组血清Ca2+水平与血沉(ESR)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、类风湿因子(RF)、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(抗CCP抗体)水平、抗链球菌溶血素(ASO)及病程的关系, 以Pearson相关性分析探究血清Ca2+水平与病情评价表(DAS28)的关系。[结果] RA组血清Ca2+水平低于HC组(P<0.01)。在RA4个证型组中, 痰瘀痹阻证组及寒湿痹阻证组血清Ca2+水平高于湿热痹阻证组和肝肾亏虚证组(P<0.01)。RA患者血清Ca2+水平与DAS28呈负相关(rs=-0.398, P<0.01), 与ESR呈负相关(rs=-0.289, P<0.01), 与hs-CRP呈负相关(rs=-0.351, P<0.01), 与病程呈负相关(rs=-0.423, P<0.01), 与RF、抗CCP抗体、ASO无明显相关性。[结论] RA患者血清Ca2+浓度较健康人群显著降低, 与疾病活动度及病程呈负相关。RA血清Ca2+水平在RA中医证型中的分布是有规律可循的, 可为临床工作辨证分型提供客观参考价值。
关键词: 类风湿关节炎    血清Ca2+水平    中医证型    疾病活动度    病程    
Correlational research of serum calcium levels in RA patients with different traditional Chinese medicine syndromes
ZHAO Hongfang1 , WANG Miao1 , ZHAO Hui1 , ZHU Yan2     
1. Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China;
2. First Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230061, China
Abstract: [Objective] To explore the correlation between serum calcium level and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its distribution in different traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes. [Methods] A total of 160 outpatients and inpatients with RA in our hospital from October 2020 to October 2022 were enrolled as the study group, and 160 healthy people who underwent routine physical examination in the physical examination center of our hospital were selected as the healthy control group (HC group), and the differences in serum calcium levels between the two groups were compared. According to TCM syndrome differentiation, the study group was divided into four groups: phlegm and stasis syndrome group, cold-dampness obstruction syndrome group, damp-heat obstruction syndrome group, liver and kidney deficiency syndrome group. We compared the distribution of each serum calcium level among different groups of RA patients. Spearman correlation analysis was used to study the relationship between serum calcium level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody level, antistreptolysin O (ASO) and the course of disease in RA patients. And pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between serum calcium level and Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28). [Results] The serum calcium level in RA group was lower than that in HC group (P < 0.01). Among the four groups, the serum calcium level in the phlegm-stasis syndrome group and the cold-dampness obstruction syndrome group were significantly higher than that in the damp-heat obstruction syndrome group and the liver and kidney deficiency syndrome group (P < 0.01). The serum calcium level was negatively correlated with DAS28 (rs=-0.398, P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with ESR (rs=-0.289, P < 0.01). It was negatively correlated with hs-CRP (rs=-0.351, P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with the course of disease (rs=-0.423, P < 0.01), but had no significant correlation with RF, anti-CCP antibody and ASO. [Conclusion] Serum calcium level in RA patients is significantly lower than that in healthy people, which was negatively correlated with disease activity and disease course. The distribution of serum calcium level in TCM syndrome types of RA is regular, which provides objective reference value for TCM syndrome differentiation.
Key words: rheumatoid arthritis    serum calcium level    TCM syndrome type    disease activity    disease course    

类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,以对称性多关节炎症为主要临床特点,属中医学“痹证”范畴[1]。RA发病机制涉及多靶点、多环节,研究报道,Ca2+信号在RA中介导滑膜炎症、T细胞增殖、滑膜增生、骨侵蚀、肌无力等,促进了疾病的进展[2-3]。流行病学表明50岁左右女性是RA患病高风险人群[4],此阶段正值围绝经期,受内分泌影响,钙质吸收功能减退,血钙浓度降低。目前关于RA血钙偏低大多着眼于骨质疏松并发症[5],而与疾病活动的关系鲜有报道,血钙检测作为临床常见检测项目,应当挖掘其重要的价值。

在西医医疗水平尚不能治愈RA的背景下[6],传统医学与现代医学结合是目前最佳治疗选择[7-8]。辨证论治是中医学治疗核心内容,目前RA辨证分型主要依据患者症状、体征和医者的个人经验,受主观认识影响较大,缺乏微观层次的佐证。区别不同证型之间定量检测参数差异,将中医证型客观化是一项庞大的工程。本文致力于探究RA患者血清Ca2+水平是否与健康人群有差异以及血清Ca2+水平及疾病活动度之间的关系,填补血钙浓度与RA的临床研究空白,以期为未来RA的Ca2+相关研究提供临床依据。本研究统计分析了RA不同证型的血清Ca2+水平差异,为中医临床上辨证分型提供内在客观依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

样本量计算以血清Ca2+水平主要指标,预实验得出,RA组为(2.15±0.09)mmol/L,健康对照(HC)组为(2.26±0.08)mmol/L,设定α=0.05,1-β=0.9,把握度为0.9,HC组与RA组样本量比值为1∶1,经PASS软件计算每组最少所需样本量14例,最终纳入2020年10月—2022年10月就诊于安徽中医药大学第二附属医院的RA患者160例作为RA组,以及在本院体检中心行常规体检的160例健康人群作为HC组,一般临床资料见表 1。主要参考《中医内科循证临床实践指南》[9]将RA组辨证分型为痰瘀痹阻证组、寒湿痹阻证组、湿热痹阻证组、肝肾亏虚证组4组,一般资料见表 2。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号2022-zjks-36)。

表 1 RA组与HC组临床资料比较
表 2 不同中医证型RA患者临床资料比较
1.2 纳入标准

1)符合2010年美国风湿病学会(ACR) 和欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)诊断标准[10]。2)知情同意本研究并签署知情同意书。

1.3 排除标准

1)患恶性肿瘤、严重心、肝、肾疾病。2)近期有使用钙剂、利尿剂、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂、激素等药物。3)合并患骨质疏松症、甲状旁腺疾病等疾病。4)合并患有其他风湿免疫性疾病,如骨关节炎、强直性脊柱炎等。5)年龄>70岁人群[11]。6)孕妇及儿童。

1.4 中医辨证分型标准

满足所有主证或2条主证和3条次证,结合舌苔脉象,即可辨证。1)痰瘀痹阻证[12]。主证:关节肿大、僵硬、变形、刺痛。次症:关节肌肤紫暗、肿胀,按之较硬,肢体顽麻或重着,屈伸不利,或有硬结、瘀斑,面色黯黧,眼睑水肿,或胸闷痰多。舌脉:舌质紫暗或有瘀斑,舌苔白腻,脉弦涩。2)寒湿痹阻证[13]。主证:关节冷痛而肿,遇寒痛增,得热痛减。次症:关节屈伸不利,晨僵,关节畸形,口淡不渴,恶风寒,阴雨天加重,肢体沉重。舌脉:舌质淡,苔白,脉弦紧。3)湿热痹阻证[13]。主证:关节肿痛而热,发热。次症:关节屈伸不利,晨僵,关节畸形,口渴,汗出,小便黄,大便干。舌脉:舌质红,苔黄厚、腻,脉滑数或弦滑。4)肝肾亏虚证[13]。主证:关节肿胀隐痛或酸胀疼痛。次症:关节屈伸不利,关节畸形,肌肉瘦削,腰膝酸软,或畏寒肢冷,阳痿、遗精,或骨蒸劳热,心烦口干。舌脉:舌质淡红,舌苔薄白或少津,脉沉细弱或细数。

1.5 实验指标测定方法

RA组与HC组,均采用全自动生化分析仪测定其血清Ca2+水平。RA组以RA患者病情评价表(DAS28)评价其疾病活动度,以酶联免疫吸附试验法测量血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体,按照Westergren检测方法测定血沉(ESR),类风湿因子(RF)、抗链球菌溶血素(ASO)采用免疫散射比浊法进行检测。

1.6 统计学方法

所有资料均采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学处理。计量资料正态分布并且方差齐数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组比较采用独立样本t检验,多组比较采用单因素方差分析;非正态分布或方差不齐数据用[MQ)]表示,多组间比较采用秩和检验。计数资料用相对比表示,均数的比较采用卡方检验。两变量服从正态分布采用Pearson相关分析,不服从正态分布采用Spearman相关分析。所有统计学处理均以α=0.05为显著性检验水准。

2 结果 2.1 RA组与HC组临床资料比较

比较RA组与HC组年龄、性别一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),RA组血清Ca2+水平低于与HC组(P < 0.01)。见表 1

2.2 不同中医证型RA患者一般资料比较

4组中医证型RA患者年龄、性别、每日日晒时间、每周运动时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 2。肝肾亏虚证组病程大于痰瘀痹阻证组及寒湿痹阻证组(P < 0.01),见图 1

注:不同证型组之间比较结果用字母标注法表示,标注在柱状图上端,字母不同表示差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),字母越大,数值越大。 图 1 病程、ESR、hs-CRP在不同证型之间分布特点
2.3 不同中医证型RA患者血清Ca2+水平及疾病活动指标比较

4组中医证型RA患者血清Ca2+水平比较结果为痰瘀痹阻证组及寒湿痹阻证组高于湿热痹阻证组及肝肾亏虚证组(P < 0.01),DAS28各证型组之间比较结果为湿热痹阻证组>肝肾亏虚证组、寒湿痹阻证组>痰瘀痹阻证组(P < 0.01,P < 0.05),见图 2。湿热痹阻证组ESR、hs-CRP大于痰瘀痹阻证组(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),见图 1。4组中医证型RA患者RF、抗CCP抗体、ASO水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 2

注:不同证型组之间比较结果用字母标注法表示,标注在柱状图上端,字母不同表示差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),字母越大,数值越大。 图 2 血钙水平、DAS28在不同证型之间分布特点
2.4 RA患者血清Ca2+水平与疾病活动指标、病程相关性分析

RA患者血清Ca2+水平与DAS28、ESR、hs-CRP、病程均呈负相关(P < 0.01),与RF、抗CCP抗体及ASO无明显相关性(P>0.05)。见表 3

表 3 RA组血清Ca2+水平与疾病活动指标、病程相关性分析
3 讨论

本次研究选取DAS28综合评估RA患者疾病活动性,另选取ESR、hs-CRP作为炎症水平测量指标,能客观评估疾病活动性[6]。本研究得出,RA患者血钙水平降低,与前人研究结果一致[14]。与既往相关研究结果[15]不同的是本研究发现随着疾病活动度和炎症指标的升高,RA患者血清Ca2+水平呈下降趋势。经过对比分析,其差异可能源于此次研究已排除RA合并骨质疏松症患者,尽可能消除骨质疏松症导致的血钙升高对研究结果的影响,致力于探索血清Ca2+水平与RA炎症水平的关系。大量研究[16-19]证实关节局部Ca2+浓度升高可诱导RA滑膜炎症及骨侵蚀。RA滑膜液中Ca2+浓度高达40 mmol/L[16],机体为下调局部过高的Ca2+浓度,促使钙蛋白颗粒(CPPs)形成并以胞吞形式被趋化至关节的单核细胞吞噬,单核细胞分化为钙-巨噬细胞,并激活NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体,分泌多种高浓度白细胞介素家族细胞因子,促进局部炎症发生,钙巨噬细胞表现为高度迁移潜力,分泌高浓度SPP1/骨桥蛋白(OPN)与前列腺素E2[16-17],加重RA关节症状。另有实验表明RA酸敏感离子通道1a(ASICI)高度表达,促进滑膜成纤维细胞胞外Ca2+内流,诱导滑膜炎症和软骨破坏[18-19]。RA骨吸收增加[20]导致关节局部Ca2+浓度增加,升高的胞外Ca2+浓度可触发NLRP3激活,促进关节炎症,而分泌的白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)又能回过头来加重骨侵蚀[16],类似于恶性循环。以上充分表明RA体液中局部高浓度Ca2+参与RA发生发展。本研究发现RA血清Ca2+水平显著降低,结合既往研究[21]显示改善RA症状的同时血钙浓度会升高,RA发生发展可能与关节局部与血液循环的钙离子浓度差有关,钙失衡未来或许可成为RA临床诊疗新靶点。

本次观察发现,湿热痹阻证组RA患者DAS28、ESR、hs-CRP最高,与既往类似研究一致[22]。《诸病源候论》亦描述热痹“热毒气从脏腑出,攻于手足,手足则焮热赤肿疼痛也”,与现代RA活动期关节肿痛症状相符。此次观察得出湿热痹阻证RA血钙水平较低,究其原因,归咎于其疾病活动度较高,钙失衡较严重,且当体内处于炎症状态时钙卫蛋白由巨噬细胞、滑膜成纤维细胞和软骨细胞等释放至细胞外[23],滑液中其含量的升高进一步加重钙失衡。

王行宽认为气血痹阻经络为痹证之“标”,其病位在筋、骨,究其根本为相应脏腑之肝肾虚损[24]。RA初起以邪实为主,日久则耗伤肝肾,痹证日久正气不足无力抵御外来之邪,更无力驱邪外出,这也是本病反复发作,缠绵难愈之所在。此次分析亦能验证上述说法,肝肾亏虚证组病程相较其他组均长,炎症水平较低,反映正邪相争不甚激烈。相关性分析得出RA患者血钙水平随着病程迁延逐渐下降,其原因可能为因病程长者年龄相对偏大,且病程长是RA患者血清低维生素D水平的危险因素之一[25],均会致钙质吸收功能降低。

《黄帝内经》提出:“肾者,主蛰,封藏之本,精之处也,其华在发,其充在骨。”筋骨壮盛是肾精充沛的外在表现之一。Ca2+不仅是骨形成的物质基础,而且钙信号传导维持着骨平衡[26],血清Ca2+浓度降低易致骨形成障碍。维生素D、雌激素均可以促进钙离子吸收,研究认为两者随着肾虚程度加深而减少[27]。肝主筋,肾主骨,痹证日久肝肾亏虚则乏力倦怠。数据表明40%以上的RA患者存在疲劳症状[28],肌肉力量较健康人群下降25%~70%[29],Ca2+作为肌细胞动力剂,一项动物实验表明胶原诱导型关节炎(CIA)小鼠肌纤维中显著升高的游离Ca2+浓度与肌无力相关[3]。综合以上有理由认为Ca2+是肾精的物质基础之一,血清Ca2+水平可作为衡量肾气充沛的内在指标之一,肝肾亏虚证RA存在血清Ca2+水平降低,与本次实验结果一致。基于以上有理由认为肝肾亏虚RA患者血清Ca2+水平的降低与病程及肌无力有关。

综上所述,RA患者血钙水平明显降低,并随着RA疾病活动性加重和病程迁延而降低,钙失衡或许可成为未来RA基础研究的一个方向。RA患者血钙水平在不同证型中亦有差别,可以为临床诊疗及辨证分型提供参考意义。本研究受到样本及地域限制,或有偏差,今后会扩大样本量进一步研究。

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