中华养生文化的历史沿革（下）

Summary of historical evolution of Chinese health preservation culture(Part two)

关键词:  传统养生  夏商时期  春秋战国  秦汉时期  黄帝内经  诸子百家  伤寒杂病论  魏晋南北朝隋唐时期  宋金元时期  明清时期  近现代

Key words:  traditional health preservation  Xia and Shang Dynasties  Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods  Qin and Han Dynasties  Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor  various schools of thought  Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases  Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,Sui and Tang Dynasties  Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties  Ming and Qing Dynasties  modern times

摘要:

中华养生文化历经数千年，上古夏商时期食养、导引、针药养生萌芽，春秋战国百家争鸣，道家崇尚自然、提倡返朴归真、自然无为，重视精气神调护；儒家守中庸，致中和，重视寡欲的精神调摄。《黄帝内经》为养生理论奠定基础，强调未病先防、既病防变、病后防复，法于阴阳、天人相应、顺应四时、饮食有节、起居有常、形与神俱。秦汉时期养生理论初步形成，《伤寒杂病论》重视顺应四时、避邪慎养，固护脾胃、饮食调摄，未病先防、防微杜渐。《春秋繁露》进一步发展气-阴阳-五行养生观；《论衡》提出生死寿夭，延年之道，《淮南子》倡导形、气、神兼养，中国养生理论和体系初步形成。魏晋南北朝时期养生理论发展，《养生论》提出形神兼养、清虚静泰，《黄庭经》提倡积精保精、吐纳服气、存思内视，《抱朴子》重视玄道守一、积善累德、兼采众术，《养性延命录》兼融三家、认为我命在我、守静食诫，孙思邈融通各家论养生。宋金元时期养生理论不断丰富发展，程朱理学、金元四大家在食养、机体不同阶段养生方面提出新的观点。明清时期养生理论日趋完善，脏腑养生突显，药物养生渐进发展，综合调摄推动养生全面发展。近现代养生理论与实践加快发展，促进养生事业日渐繁荣。通过系统梳理中华养生历史源流，体现了儒释道医四大流派养生思想及其衍化发展，以期为健康服务事业作出贡献。

Abstract:

Chinese health preservation culture has evolved for several thousand years. In Shang and Zhou Dynasties of ancient times,the idea of health preserving with food,guidance and health preservation with acupuncture and medication is emergent. In Spring and Autumn period,all schools of thoughts contend for attention. Daoism respected the nature,advocated "returning to innocence" and "natural inaction",and emphasized on regulation and maintenance of essence,qi and spirit. Confucianism advocated moderation and state of harmony,and emphasized on having few desires and regulating mental states. Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor lays a foundation for health preservation theory,and emphasizes on prevention before illness,prevention of transformation of existing illness,prevention of recurrence after illness,keeping balance between yin and yang,maintaining correspondence between man and universe,complying with the changes of four seasons,having regular diet and life,as well as preserving inseparability of the body and spirit. In Qin and Han Dynasties,theory of health keeping was formed preliminarily. Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases emphasized on conforming to four seasons,avoiding pathogenic factor,protecting spleen and stomach,regulating diet,preventing disease attack,and being precautious beforehand. Chunqiu Fanlu further developed the health-preservation concept of qi-yin and yang-the five elements. Lun Heng proposed birth,death,long and short lifetime and way of prolonging life. Huai Nan Zi advocated preserving appearance,qi and spirit. At this time point,Chinese health preservation theory and system is initially formed. Health preservation theory further developed in Wei Jin and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Treatise on Health Preservation put forwards reposing both body and spirit,and keeping calm. Huang Ting Jing advocated accumulating and preserving essence,balancing expiration and inspiration,and adhering to introspection. Bao Pu Zi emphasized on concentrating thought,accumulating virtue,and learning from various skills. Yang Xing Yan Ming Lu integrated thoughts of the three major schools,and believed in mastering destiny by self,and observing the commandment of food and tranquility. SUN Simiao combined health-preservation theories of various schools. In Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties,health-preservation theories showed constant enrichment and development. Neo-Confucianism and four medical schools of Jin and Yuan Dynasties propose new ideas on heath preservation with food and health preservation specific for different phases of the body. In Ming and Qiang Dynasties,health preservation theory was improved gradually,viscera-based health preservation was highlighted,health preservation with drug gradually developed,and comprehensive develop of health preservation was promoted synthetically. Development of modern and contemporary health preservation theory and practice boosted gradual prosperity of health preservation undertakings. Systematic summarization of historical origin of Chinese health preservation in this paper reflects health preservation thoughts and their evolution and development of four schools (Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism,and medical school),in hope of making contributions to health service undertaking.